Grammar Index | Genki Study Resources

表現ひょうげんノート1. おはよう/ありがとう Genki I: p.33

説明せつめい	おはよう is used between friends and family members, while おはようございます is used between less intimate acquaintances, similarly to ありがとう and ありがとうございます. The rule of thumb is: if you are on a first-name basis with someone, go for the shorter versions. If you would address someone as Mr. or Ms., use the longer versions. おはよう is a greeting used before noon, but some people use it in casual settings in the afternoon or even at night when they see their classmates or co-workers for the first time that day.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary おはよう
英訳えいやく	おはよう(ございます) = good morning ありがとう(ございます) = thank you; thanks
例文れいぶん	セスさん、おはようございます。 Good morning, Seth. 朝あさご飯はんをありがとうございます。 Thank you for breakfast.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Greetings Workbook: Greetings

表現ひょうげんノート2. さようなら Genki I: p.33

説明せつめい	There are several good-bye expressions in Japanese, the choice among which depends on the degree of separation. さようなら indicates that the speaker does not expect to see the person spoken to before he/she "turns a page in his/her life"; not until a new day arrives, or until fate brings the two together again. It sounds dramatic and ritualistic, and its daily use is largely restricted to school children taking leave of their teachers.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary さようなら
英訳えいやく	さようなら = farewell; goodbye またね = bye; see you later しつれいします = excuse me
例文れいぶん	さようなら、いつかまた。 (when parting for a long time) Farewell, may we meet again one day. じゃあ、またね。 (between friends, expecting to see each other again fairly soon) Well, see you later. しつれいします。 (taking leave from a professor's office, for example) I'll excuse myself now.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Greetings Workbook: Greetings

表現ひょうげんノート3. すみません Genki I: p.33

説明せつめい	すみません means (1) "Excuse me," to get another person's attention, (2) "I'm sorry," to apologize for the trouble you have caused, or (3) "Thank you," to show appreciation for what someone has done for you.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary すみません
英訳えいやく	excuse me; I'm sorry; thank you
例文れいぶん	すみません、駅えきはどこですか。 Excuse me, where is the station? 心配しんぱいかけてすみません。 I'm sorry for worrying you. すみません、助たすかります。 Thank you, that would be helpful.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Greetings Workbook: Greetings

表現ひょうげんノート4. いいえ Genki I: p.33

説明せつめい	いいえ primarily means "No," a negative reply to a question. In the dialogue, it is used to express the English phrase "Don't mention it," or "You're welcome," with which you point out that one is not required to feel obliged for what you have done for them.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary いいえ
英訳えいやく	no; don't mention it; you're welcome
例文れいぶん	A ピーマンが好すきですか。 B いいえ、嫌きらいです。 A Do you like green peppers? B No, I dislike them. A 手伝てつだってありがとうございます。 B いいえ、いいえ。 A Thank you for the help. B Don't mention it.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Greetings Workbook: Greetings

表現ひょうげんノート5. いってらっしゃい/いってきます/ただいま/おかえりなさい Genki I: p.33

説明せつめい	いってきます and いってらっしゃい is a common exchange used at home when a family member leaves. The person who leaves say いってきます, which literally means "I will go and come back." And the family members respond with いってらっしゃい, which means "Please go and come back." ただいま and おかえり are used when a person comes home. The person who arrive home says ただいま (I'm home) to the family members, and they respond with おかえりなさい (Welcome home).
補足ほそく	Wiktionary いってらっしゃいいってきますただいまおかえりなさい
英訳えいやく	いってきます = I will go and come back; see you later いってらっしゃい = please go and come back; have a good day; take care ただいま = I'm home; here I am おかえりなさい = welcome home
例文れいぶん	A いってきます。 B いってらっしゃい。 A See you later. B Take care. A ただいま。 B おかえりなさい。 A I'm home. B Welcome home.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Greetings Workbook: Greetings

1. XはYです Genki I: p.41-42

本文ほんぶん	こんにちは。きむらたけしです。【Dialogue I: //.1】 Hello. I am Takeshi Kimura. せんこうはにほんごです。【Dialogue II: //.3】 My major is Japanese.
説明せつめい	です is a copula used for connecting additional information to the subject. Often times when the subject is known, the subject + は (pronounced wa when used as a particle) is dropped in Japanese. If it's not clear what's being talked about, however, the subject can be stated by marking it as a topic with は as in examples 4-7.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar は～だ Bunpro だですは
英訳えいやく	～です = It is...; to be... XはYです = X is Y. As for X, it is Y.
文型ぶんけい	a. ～です b. ～は～です
例文れいぶん	がくせいです。 (I) am a student. にほんごです。 (My major) is the Japanese language. じゅうにじはんです。 (It) is half past twelve. せんこうはにほんごです。 (My) major is the Japanese language. わたしはソラ・キムです。 I am Sora Kim. やましたさんはせんせいです。 Mr. Yamashita is a teacher. メアリーさんはアメリカじんです。 Mary is an American.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: XはYです 1 (Nationality) Practice: XはYです 2 (Year in School) Practice: XはYです 3 (Age) Workbook: XはYです

2. Question Sentences (～か) Genki I: p.42-43

本文ほんぶん	メアリー・ハートです。あのう、りゅうがくせいですか。【Dialogue I: //.2】 I am Mary Hart. Um...are you an international student?
説明せつめい	か turns a statement into a question when added at the end of a sentence. りゅうがくせいです。 (I am) an international student. りゅうがくせいですか。 (Are you) an international student? ※ Question sentences in Japanese usually don't end with a question mark when か is used. The question sentence above is a "yes/no" question. Question sentences may also contain a "question word" like なん or 何なに (what). なん is typically used before です or counters (as seen in the examples below), whereas 何なに is used before a particle such as が、を、etc., as in 何なにをしていますか (What are you doing?).
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar か Bunpro か Wiktionary か
英訳えいやく	yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
文型ぶんけい	～か
例文れいぶん	A せんこうはなんですか。 B (せんこうは)えいごです。 A What is your major? B (My major) is English. A いまなんじですか。 B (いま)くじです。 A What time is it now? B It is nine o'clock. A メアリーさんはなんさいですか。 B じゅうきゅうさいです。 A How old are you, Mary? B I'm nineteen years old. A なんねんせいですか。 B にねんせいです。 A What year are you in college? B I'm a sophomore. A でんわばんごうはなんばんですか。 B 867-5309です。 A What is your telephone number? B It is 867-5309.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Question Sentences 1 Practice: Question Sentences 2 Practice: Question Sentences 3 Workbook: Question Sentences

3. NounのNoun Genki I: p.43

本文ほんぶん	アリゾナだいがくのがくせいです。【Dialogue II: //.2】 I am a student of the University of Arizona.
説明せつめい	の is a particle that connects two nouns. The second noun provides the main idea and the first noun makes it more specific. It can be used like the possessive (Takeshi's) in English, as in the example below. たけしさんのでんわばんごう Takeshi's phone number NounのNoun acts more or less like one big noun and can be put wherever you can put a noun, as in the following example. たけしさんのおかあさんはこうこうのせんせいです。 Takeshi's mother is a high school teacher.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar の Bunpro の Wiktionary の
英訳えいやく	's; of; indicates possessiveness
文型ぶんけい	N1のN2
例文れいぶん	だいがくのせんせい a college professor にほんごのがくせい a student of the Japanese language にほんのだいがく a college in Japan.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Noun の Noun 1 Practice: Noun の Noun 2 Practice: Noun の Noun 3 Workbook: Noun の Noun

表現ひょうげんノート1. あのう Genki I: p.44

本文ほんぶん	あのう、りゅうがくせいですか。【Dialogue I: //.2】 Um... are you an international student?
説明せつめい	あのう indicates that you have some reservations about saying what you are going to say next. You may be worried about interrupting something someone is currently doing, or sounding rude and impolite for asking personal questions, for example.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary あのう
英訳えいやく	um; well; er
例文れいぶん	あのう、ちょっといいですか。 Um... is now a good time?

表現ひょうげんノート2. そうですか Genki I: p.44

本文ほんぶん	そうですか。なんねんせいですか。【Dialogue I: //.4】 I see. What year are you in college?
説明せつめい	そうですか acknowledges that you have understood what was just said. It is equivalent to "Is that so?" (with rising intonation) or "I see" (with falling intonation).
補足ほそく	Wiktionary そうか
英訳えいやく	is that so?; I see
例文れいぶん	A あしたは試験しけんがありますよ。 B そうですか。じゃあ、勉強べんきょうします。 A There will be a test tomorrow. B Is that so? I'll study then.

表現ひょうげんノート3. Numbers Genki I: p.44

本文ほんぶん	よねんせいです。【Dialogue I: //.5】 I am a fourth-year student. じゅうきゅうさいです。【Dialogue II: //.3】 I am 19 years old.
説明せつめい	Many number words have more than one pronunciation. Refer to this chart for a general picture. 0　ゼロ and れい are both commonly used. 1　いち, but pronounced as いっ in いっぷん (one minute) and いっさい (one year old). 2　に all the time. When you are reading out each digit separetely, as when you give your phone number, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as にい. 3　さん all the time. The part that follows it may change in sound, as in さんぷん (three minutes), instead of さんふん. 4　よん is the most basic, but fourth-year student is よねんせい and four o'clock is よじ. In some combinations that we will learn later, it is read as し (as in しがつ, April). The part that follows this number may change in sound too, as in よんぷん (four minutes). 5　ご all the time. When read out separately, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as ごう. 6　ろく, but pronounced as ろっ in ろっぷん (six minutes). 7　なな is the most basic, but seven o'clock is しちじ. 8　はち, but usually pronounced as はっ in はっぷん (eight minutes) and はっさい (eight years old). 9　きゅう is the most basic, but nine o'clock is くじ. 10　じゅう, but pronounced as じゅっ or じっ in じゅっぷん/じっぷん (ten minutes) and じゅっさい/じっさい (ten years old).
例文れいぶん	そこで三十分さんじゅっぷん待まってください。 Please wait there for thirty minutes.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Reading Numbers 1 Practice: Reading Numbers 2 Practice: Reading Numbers 3 Workbook: Numbers

表現ひょうげんノート4. 先生せんせい Genki I: p.44

説明せつめい	The word 先生せんせい is usually reserved for describing somebody else's occupation. 私わたしは先生せんせいです makes sense, but may sound slightly arrogant, because the word 先生せんせい actually means "honorable master." If you (or a member of your family) are a teacher, and if you want to be really modest, you can use the word 教師きょうし instead.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary 先生せんせい
英訳えいやく	先生せんせい = teacher; master 教師きょうし = teacher (of a classroom)
例文れいぶん	私わたしは教師きょうしです。 I'm a teacher. 先生せんせいに聞ききます。 I'll ask the teacher.

表現ひょうげんノート5. さん Genki I: p.45

説明せつめい	さん is placed after a name as a generic title to show respect. It goes both with a given name and a family name. Children are referred to with ちゃん (and boys in particular with くん), rather than さん. Professors, doctors, lawyers and others in "high status occupations" are usually referred to with the title 先生せんせい rather than さん. さん and other title words are never used in reference to oneself.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary さん
英訳えいやく	Mr.; Ms.; Mrs.
例文れいぶん	たけしさんは日本人にほんじんです。 Takeshi is Japanese. クレーちゃんがかわいいです。 Klee is cute. ベネットくんがとても不運ふうんです。 Bennett is really unlucky. 日向ひなた先生せんせいの漫画まんがが好すきです。 I like Hinata-sensei's manga.

表現ひょうげんノート6. Referring to Others Genki I: p.45

説明せつめい

The word for "you," あなた, is not very commonly used in Japanese. Instead, we use the name and a title like さん and 先生せんせい to refer to the person you are talking to. Therefore, a sentence like "Ms. Hart, are you Canadian?" should be:

ハートさんはカナダ人じんですか。

Instead of

×ハートさん、あなたはカナダ人じんですか。

See Lesson 4 for more on this subject.

補足ほそく

Wiktionary

あなた

1. これ／それ／あれ／どれ Genki I: p.60

本文ほんぶん	すみません。これはいくらですか。【Dialogue I: //.1】 Excuse me. How much is this? それはさんぜんえんです。【Dialogue I: //.2】 That is 3,000 yen.
説明せつめい	これ, それ, and あれ are words used to refer to things relative to the speaker's position. これ refers to something close to the speaker ("this thing here"). それ refers to something far from the speaker, but close to the listener ("that thing in front of you"). あれ refers to something far from both the speaker and the listener ("that thing over there"). これはわたしのペンです。 (speaker is holding the pen) This is my pen. それはわたしのペンです。 (speaker is pointing to the pen in the listener's hand) That is my pen. あれはわたしのペンです。 (speaker is pointing to the pen far from both him and the listener.) That over there is my pen. When asking about two or more things, you can use どれ for "which." どれですか。 Which one is it (that you are talking about)? ※ Question words like どれ and 何なに cannot be followed by the particle は. Instead, you must use the particle が to say something like, どれがあなたのペンですか。(Which one is your pen?) It is considered impolite to directly use these words in reference to people, such as when introducing them. ×これはともだちのメアリーさんです。 This thing is my friend Mary. You can, however, use these words in reference to people when pointing to a picture of them for example.
補足ほそく	Bunpro これそれあれどれ Wiktionary これそれあれどれ
英訳えいやく	これ = this それ = that あれ = that (over there) どれ = which
文型ぶんけい	a. {これ／それ／あれ}(は)～ b. どれ(が)～
練習れんしゅう	Practice: これ／それ Practice: あれ Workbook: これ／それ／あれ

2. この／その／あの／どの+Noun Genki I: p.61

本文ほんぶん	じゃあ、そのとけいをください。【Dialogue I: //.7】 Then, I'll take that watch.
説明せつめい	この／その／あの are similar to これ／それ／あれ in regards to their usage based on the speaker's position. The key difference is that the れ versions of these words can be used alone, whereas the の versions must be used with a noun. You can use these words in reference to people as well, unlike これ／それ／あれ which can be considered impolite when used in reference to others. このとけいはいくらですか。 How much is this watch? そのとけいはさんぜんえんです。 That watch (in your hand) is 3,000 yen. あのがくせいはりゅうがくせいです。 That student over there is an international student. If you already know that one of several students is Japanese, but do not know which, you can say the following. どのがくせいがにほんじんですか。 Which student is Japanese? ※ The particle が is used with question words like どの instead of は. To summarize: これ(は～)　このnoun(は～)　close to the person speaking それ(は～)　そのnoun(は～)　close to the person listening あれ(は～)　あのnoun(は～)　far from both people どれ(が～)　どのnoun(が～)　unknown
補足ほそく	Bunpro このそのあのどの Wiktionary このそのあのどの
英訳えいやく	この = this その = that あの = that (over there) どの = which
文型ぶんけい	a. {この／その／あの}N(は)～ b. どのN(が)～
練習れんしゅう	Practice: この／その／あの Workbook: この／その／あの

3. ここ／そこ／あそこ／どこ Genki I: p.62

本文ほんぶん	すみません。トイレはどこですか。【Dialogue II: //.7】 Excuse me. Where is the restroom? あそこです。【Dialogue II: //.8】 It is over there.
説明せつめい	ここ, そこ, あそこ, and どこ are words for places and work the same as これ／それ／あれ in regards to the speaker's position. You can use these words to ask for directions: すみません。ゆうびんきょくはどこですか。 Excuse me. Where is the post office? In response, you can point toward the post office and say: (ゆうびんきょくは)あそこです。 (The post office is) right over there.
補足ほそく	Bunpro ここそこあそこどこ Wiktionary ここそこあそこどこ
英訳えいやく	ここ = here (near me) 　そこ = there (near you) あそこ = over there 　どこ = where
文型ぶんけい	a. Placeはどこですか b. (Placeは){ここ／そこ／あそこ}です
例文れいぶん	ここはどこですか。 Where is this? (Where am I?)
練習れんしゅう	Practice: どこ Practice: ここ／そこ／あそこ Workbook: ここ／そこ／あそこ・だれの

4. だれのNoun Genki I: p.62

本文ほんぶん	これはだれのさいふですか。【Dialogue I: //.8】 Whose wallet is this?
説明せつめい	だれの can be used to ask who something belongs to. It is a combination of だれ (who) + の (possessive particle), which gives it the meaning of "whose."
補足ほそく	Bunpro 誰だれ Wiktionary 誰だれ
英訳えいやく	だれ = who だれの = whose
文型ぶんけい	だれのN
例文れいぶん	A これはだれのかばんですか。 B それはソラさんのがばんです。 A Whose bag is this? B That is Sora's bag.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: だれのNoun Workbook: ここ／そこ／あそこ・だれの

5. Nounも Genki I: p.62-63

本文ほんぶん	そうですか。あれもたかいですね。【Dialogue I: //.5】 I see. That one is expensive, too.
説明せつめい	も is a particle that means "too/also" and is used to mention that someone/something has the same property as someone/something else. たけしさんはにほんじんです。ゆいさんもにほんじんです。 Takeshi is Japanese. Yui is Japanese, too. As you can see above, the placement of も and "too" differ between Japanese and English. In Japanese, も comes right after the item that you want to say has the same property, usually replacing the particle (は、が…) or appearing alongside it (に). In this case, it's ゆいさん who shares being にほんじん with たけしさん. 　 A　は　X　です。　　A is X.　　 B　も　X　です。　　B too is X.　 Since も can only be used for properties that were mentioned by another, it cannot be used to say something like "I'm Japanese. I'm American, too." since it implies that someone else is American in addition to you. You have to use でもある if you want to list out multiple properties that someone/something possesses.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar も Bunpro も Wiktionary も
英訳えいやく	too; also; as well
文型ぶんけい	Nも(Xです)
例文れいぶん	わたしはさかながすきです。わたしも！ I like fish. Me, too!
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Nounも Workbook: Nounも・Nounじゃないです

6. Nounじゃないです Genki I: p.63-64

本文ほんぶん	いいえ、さかなじゃないです。にくです。おいしいですよ。【Dialogue II: //.5】 No, it is not fish. It is meat.
説明せつめい	じゃない is used for negating Nouns, and Adjectives that end with な (commonly called な-adjectives). The addition of です simply makes the statement more polite. やまださんはがくせいじゃないです。 Mr. Yamada is not a student. There are many different levels of formality for negative sentences, with じゃないです being polite, but not super formal. The more formal version of じゃない is じゃありません、with じゃ being a contraction of では(dewa), which is the most formal and also most appropriate for written language. The level of formality for these forms, from most casual to most formal, are as follows: がくせいじゃない。(casual) がくせいじゃないです。(polite) がくせいじゃありません。(more conservative) がくせいではありません。(formal, appropriate for writing) です and じゃない must always be accompanied by a noun when answering a question; they do not stand alone. A にほんじんですか。 B いいえ、にほんじんじゃないです。 ×いいえ、じゃないです。 A Are you Japanese. B No, I am not Japanese. ×No, am not. To summarize: affirmative: (Xは)Yです　=　X is Y. negative: (Xは)Y{じゃない(です)／じゃありません／ではありません}　=　X is not Y.
補足ほそく	Bunpro じゃない Wiktionary じゃない
英訳えいやく	is/am/are not
文型ぶんけい	N/ANaじゃない(です)
例文れいぶん	それはペンじゃないです。えんぴつですよ。 That's not a pen. It's a pencil!
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Nounじゃないです Workbook: Nounも・Nounじゃないです

7. ～ね／～よ Genki I: p.64

本文ほんぶん	そうですか。あれもたかいですね。【Dialogue I: //.5】 I see. That one is expensive, too, huh? これはせんはっぴゃくえんですよ。【Dialogue I: //.6】 This one is 1,800 yen, you know.
説明せつめい	ね and よ are sentence-ending particles that are used often in Japanese to convey additional information or emotion. If you're seeking agreement or confirmation, you would add the ね particle ("right?") to the end of your sentence. リーさんのせんこうはぶんがくですね。 Ms. Lee, your major is literature, right? これはにくじゃないですね。 This is not meat, is it? If you're fully confident of what you're saying and want the listener to believe it, add よ ("I tell you") to the end of your sentence. とんかつはさかなじゃないですよ。 Let me assure you. "Tonkatsu" is not fish. スミスさんはイギリスじんですよ。 (In case you're wondering.) Mr. Smith is British.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar ね Bunpro ねよ Wiktionary ねよ
英訳えいやく	ね = right?; isn't it?; sentence-ending particle for seeking agreement/confirmation よ = I tell you; you know; sentence-ending particle for conveying emphasis/new information
文型ぶんけい	a. ～ね b. ～よ
例文れいぶん	これはかわいいですね。 This is cute, isn't it? あのう、それはたべものじゃないですよ。 Um...That's not food, you know.

表現ひょうげんノート1. (～を)ください Genki I: p.65

本文ほんぶん	じゃあ、そのとけいをください。【Dialogue I: //.7】 Then, I'll take that watch.
説明せつめい	(～を)ください means "Please give me...," and can be used to request (concrete) items.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary ください
英訳えいやく	please (give me)
文型ぶんけい	N(を)ください
例文れいぶん	アイスクリームをください。 I would like ice cream, please.

表現ひょうげんノート2. (～を)お願ねがいします Genki I: p.65

本文ほんぶん	じゃあ、これをおねがいします。【Dialogue II: //.6】 Then, I'll have this, please.
説明せつめい	(～を)お願ねがいします, like ください, can also be used to request an item. When used to ask for a concrete object, (～を)お願ねがいします sounds slightly more formal than (～を)ください. It is heard often when ordering food at a restaurant (like "I will have..."). (～を)お願ねがいします can also be used to ask for "abstract objects," such as repairs, explanations, and understanding.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary お願ねがいします
英訳えいやく	please
文型ぶんけい	N(を)お願ねがいします
例文れいぶん	超ちょう辛からいカレーをお願ねがいします。 I will have the super spicy curry, please. 留守番るすばんをお願ねがいします。 Please take care of things while I am away.

表現ひょうげんノート3. (～を)どうぞ Genki I: p.65

本文ほんぶん	いらっしゃいませ。メニューをどうぞ。【Dialogue II: //.1】 Welcome. Here's the menu.
説明せつめい	(～を)どうぞ is used when an offer is made with respect to an item. In the dialogue, the restaurant attendant uses it when he is about to hand the menu to the customer.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary どうぞ
英訳えいやく	here you are; feel free; please
文型ぶんけい	N(を)どうぞ
例文れいぶん	こちらのお料理りょうりをどうぞ。 Please help yourself to any of the food here.

表現ひょうげんノート4. Pronunciation of Number Words Genki I: p.65

本文ほんぶん

それはさんぜんえんです。【Dialogue I: //.2】
That is 3,000 yen.

これはせんはっぴゃくえんですよ。【Dialogue I: //.6】
This is 1,800 yen.

説明せつめい

Note that the words for 300, 600, 800, 3,000, and 8,000 involve sound changes. "Counters" whose first sound is h, like ひゃく (hundred), generally change in sound after 3, 6, and 8. Some counters that begin with s, like せん (thousand), change in sound after 3 and 8. Refer to the table here.

練習れんしゅう

表現ひょうげんノート5. Big Numbers Genki I: p.65

説明せつめい

In addition to the digit markers for tens (じゅう), hundreds (ひゃく), and thousands (せん), which are found in Western languages as well, Japanese uses the marker for tens of thousands (まん). Thus, 20,000, for example, is にまん (=2x10,000), rather than にじゅうせん (=20x1,000). While the next unit marker in Western languages is one million, Japanese describes that number as 100x10,000, that is, ひゃくまん.
More complicated numbers can be considered the sums of smaller numbers, as in the following examples.

234,567 =

　23x10,000　
　4x1,000　
　5x100　
　6x10　
　7　

　にじゅうさんまん　
　よんせん　
　ごひゃく　
　ろくじゅう　
　なな　

練習れんしゅう

1. Verb Conjugation (Long Form: ～ます・～ません) Genki I: p.86-88

本文ほんぶん

ええ、今日きょうは京都きょうとに行いきます。【Dialogue II: //.3】
Yes, I'm going to Kyoto today.
食べません。【Dialogue II: //.7】
I will not eat.

説明せつめい

The "long form," also called "polite form," "formal form," etc., is a conjugation class for verbs which makes them more polite. Japanese has three groups of verbs based on their conjugation: ru-verbs (also called ichidan verbs), u-verbs (godan verbs), and irregular verbs.

(1) Ru-verbs
The base of Ru-verbs (食たべる --> 食たべ; tabe, remove る) ends with either e or i plus the suffix る. All ru-verbs, therefore, end with eru or iru. There are a few exceptions, however, such as 帰かえる, which is an u-verb.

食たべる (tabe + ru)　寝ねる (ne + ru)　　起おきる (oki + ru)　見みる (mi + ru)　

(2) U-verbs
U-verbs have a consonant-final base plus u (e.g., 飲のむ nom + u). As mentioned above, 帰かえる is an exception to this rule. The る in this verb is not considered a suffix like with ru-verbs.

飲のむ (nom + u)　読よむ (yom + u)　話はなす (hanas + u)
聞きく (kik + u)　　行いく (ik + u)　　帰かえる (kaer + u)

(3) Irregular Verbs
There are two "irregular verbs," する and くる. する can be combined with certain nouns called "Verbal Nouns" or "Suru-verbs" to create a verb out of a noun, such as 勉強べんきょう (study) + する (to do) = 勉強べんきょうする (to study).

する　　勉強べんきょうする　　くる

Present Tense Conjugation (Long form)
The long form of verbs, ます (affirmative) and ません (negative), makes them more polite compared to their dictionary forms or "plain forms" (not conjugated). To conjugate ru-verbs into the long form, simply replace the final る with ます or ません.

Ru-verbs

Plain form	Present, affirmative	Present, negative
食たべる	食たべます	食たべません
寝ねる	寝ねます	寝ねません
起おきる	起おきます	起おきません
見みる	見みます	見みません

To conjugate u-verbs into the long form, you replace u with imasu or imasen. For example, the final む changes to み, く changes to き and so on.

U-verbs

Plain form	Present, affirmative	Present, negative
飲のむ	飲のみます	飲のみません
読よむ	読よみます	読よみません
話はなす	話はなします	話はなしません
聞きく	聞ききます	聞ききません
行いく	行いきます	行いきません

帰かえる is an u-verb, so it is not conjugated like a ru-verb: ×帰かえます. Instead, you take the final る and change it to り, like so:

Plain form	Present, affirmative	Present, negative
帰かえる	帰かえります	帰かえりません

The conjugation for irregular verbs looks like the following.

Irregular verbs

Plain form	Present, affirmative	Present, negative
する	します	しません
勉強べんきょうする	勉強べんきょうします	勉強べんきょうしません
くる	きます	きません

To recap, if a verb ends with

aru or oru, it is definitely an u-verb
uru, it can either be an irregular verb or an u-verb
iru or eru, it is more likely to be a ru-verb, but it can also be an u-verb in some cases.

補足ほそく

Bunpro

Wiktionary

文型ぶんけい

a. V-stemます
b. V-stemません

練習れんしゅう

2. Verb Types and the "Present Tense" Genki I: p.88

本文ほんぶん

メアリーさん、週末しゅうまつはたいてい何なにをしますか。【Dialogue I: //.1】
Mary, what do you usually do on the weekend?
ええ、今日きょうは京都きょうとに行いきます。【Dialogue II: //.3】
Yes, I'm going to Kyoto today.

説明せつめい

Among the many verbs in Japanese are those that describe human actions. These are often called "action verbs," and the "present tense" of these verbs either means (1) that a person habitually or regularly engages in these activities, or (2) that a person will, or is planning to, perform these activities in the future.

Habitual actions:

私わたしはよくテレビを見みます。

I often watch TV.

メアリーさんはときどき朝あさご飯はんを食たべません。

Mary sometimes doesn't eat breakfast.

Future actions:

私わたしはあした京都きょうとに行いきます。

I will go to Kyoto tomorrow.

ソラさんは今日きょううちに帰かえりません。

Sora will not return home today.

It is usually easy to tell which action is implied by the usage of frequency adverbs, time references, and so on. You may need to rely on context in other cases.

3. Particles (を, で, に, and へ) Genki I: p.88-89

本文ほんぶん	たいていうちで勉強べんきょうします。でも、ときどき映画えいがを見みます。【Dialogue I: //.2-3】 I usually study at home. But I sometimes see movies. じゃあ、土曜日どようびに映画えいがを見みませんか。【Dialogue I: //.4】 Then, would you like to see a movie on Saturday?
説明せつめい	Nouns used in sentences are usually followed by particles. These particles work together with nouns and verbs to help tell us how they interact with each other. In spoken and casual language, particles are often dropped, however. We'll go over four particles here: を, で, に, and へ below. を (Direct object)　The particle を, pronounced "o," marks "direct objects," which are things that are directly involved in, or affected by, the verb. コーヒーを飲のみます。 I drinkcoffee. 音楽おんがくを聞ききます。 I listen to music. テレビを見みます。 I watchTV. で (Place of action)　The particle で indicates where the event described by the verb takes place. 図書館としょかんで本ほんを読よみます。 I will read books in the library. うちで昼ひるご飯はんを食たべます。 I will eat lunch at home. に　The particle に has many meanings, but we'll go over two here: (1) the goal toward which things move, and (2) the time at which an event takes place. (1) Goal of movement (for verbs like 行いく、来くる、and 帰かえる) 今日きょう学校がっこうに行いきません。 I will not go to school today. うちに帰かえります。 I will returnhome. (2) Time (This will be discussed more in Time References) 日曜日にちようびに京都きょうとに行いきます。 I will go to Kyoto on Sunday. 十一時じゅういちじに寝ねます。 I will go to bed at eleven. ごろ or ごろに can be used for approximate time references instead of just に: 十一時じゅういちじごろ(に)寝ねます。 I will go to bed at about eleven. へ (Goal of movement)　Wherever に is used for the goal of movement, へ (pronounced "e") can be used as well. Please note, however, that this particle cannot be used for time references. 今日きょう学校がっこうへ行いきません。 I will not go to school today. うちへ帰かえります。 I will returnhome.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar を (1) で (1) に (7) へ Bunpro をでにへ Wiktionary をでにへ
英訳えいやく	を = indicates direct object of action で = at; in に = at (place, time); to (direction, state) へ = to; towards
文型ぶんけい	a. NをV b. LocationでV c. Location/TimeにV d. LocationへV
練習れんしゅう	Practice: を Particle Practice: で Particle Practice: を and で Particles Practice: に Particle Workbook: NounをVerb Workbook: Verbs with Places

4. Time References (に) Genki I: p.90

本文ほんぶん	じゃあ、土曜日どようびに映画えいがを見みませんか。【Dialogue I: //.4】 Then, would you like to see a movie on Saturday?
説明せつめい	The particle に is used with (1) the days of the week like "on Sunday," and (2) numerical time expressions, like "at 10:45," and "in September." 日曜日にちようびに行いきます。 I will go on Sunday. 十時四十五分じゅうじよんじゅうごふんに起おきます。 I get up at 10:45. 九月くがつに帰かえります。 I will go back in September. に is not used with (1) time expressions defined relative to the present moment, such as "today" and "tomorrow," (2) expressions describing regular intervals, such as "every day," and (3) the word for "when." あした来きます。 I will come tomorrow. 毎晩まいばんテレビを見みます。 I watch TV every evening. いつ行いきますか。 When will you go? に is normally not used with (1) the parts of a day, like "in the morning" and "at night," and (2) the word for "weekend," but they can be followed by に, depending on styles, emphases, and personal preferences. 朝あさ(に)本ほんを読よみます。 I will read a book in the morning. 週末しゅうまつ(に)何なにをしますか。 What will you do on the weekend?
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar に (1) Bunpro に Wiktionary に
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Time References 1 Practice: Time References 2 Workbook: Time References

5. ～ませんか Genki I: p.90

本文ほんぶん	じゃあ、土曜日どようびに映画えいがを見みませんか。【Dialogue I: //.4】 Then, would you like to see a movie on Saturday?
説明せつめい	ませんか (= present tense negative verb + question particle) is used to extend invitations. The affirmative counterpart, ますか, cannot be used in this way. So a sentence like 昼ひるご飯はんを食たべますか (Will you eat lunch?) would only be taken as a question, not an invitation.
補足ほそく	Bunpro ませんか
英訳えいやく	won't you?; would you like to...?
文型ぶんけい	V-stemませんか
例文れいぶん	A 昼ひるご飯はんを食たべませんか。 B いいですね。 A What do you say to having lunch with me? B Sounds great. A テニスをしませんか。 B うーん、ちょっと。 A Would you like to play tennis with me? B Um, it's slightly (inconvenient for me at the moment).
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Suggestion Using ～ませんか Workbook: Suggestion Using ～ませんか

6. Frequency Adverbs Genki I: p.91

本文ほんぶん	メアリーさん、週末しゅうまつはたいてい何なにをしますか。【Dialogue I: //.1】 Mary what do you usually do on the weekend?
説明せつめい	Frequency adverbs, such as 毎日まいにち (every day), よく (often), and 時々ときどき (sometimes) can be added to a sentence to describe how often one does something. 私わたしは時々ときどき図書館としょかんに行いきます。 I sometimes go to the library. There are also adverbs for describing how infrequent an activity or event is: 全然ぜんぜん (never; not at all) and あまり (not often; not very much). These adverbs must be used with the negative form of a verb when describing infrequency. That is, the sentence must end with ません (or an equivalent negative form). 私わたしは全然ぜんぜんテレビを見みません。 I do not watch TV at all. たけしさんはあまり勉強べんきょうしません。 Takeshi does not study very much.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary 毎日まいにちよくたいてい時々ときどき全然ぜんぜんあなり
英訳えいやく	Frequency 毎日まいにち = every day よく = often たいてい = usually 時々ときどき = sometimes Infrequency 全然ぜんぜん = never; not at all あまり = not often; not very much
文型ぶんけい	a. Adverb～V-stemます (Frequency) b. Adverb～V-stemません (Infrequency)
例文れいぶん	私わたしは毎日まいにち朝あさご飯はんを食たべます。 I eat breakfast every day. メアリーさんはよく勉強べんきょうします。 Mary studies often.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Frequency Adverbs Workbook: Frequency Adverbs

7. Word Order Genki I: p.91

説明せつめい

Japanese sentences are fairly flexible in the arrangement of elements that appear in them. Generally, sentences are made up of several noun-particle squences followed by a verb or an adjective. A typical sentence, therefore, looks like the following, but several other arrangements of noun-particle sequences are also possible.

私わたしは	今日きょう	図書館としょかんで	日本語にほんごを	勉強べんきょうします。
topic	time	place	object	verb
I will study Japanese in the library today.

私わたしは	よく	七時しちじごろ	うちで	帰かえります。
topic	frequency	time	goal	verb
I often go back home at around seven.

8. The Topic Particle は Genki I: p.91-92

本文ほんぶん	メアリーさん、週末しゅうまつはたいてい何なにをしますか。【Dialogue I: //.1】 Mary, what do you usually do on the weekend?
説明せつめい	The particle は (pronounced wa) is used to mark the topic of a sentence or conversation. It basically puts forward what you want to talk about. You may have noticed that the topic phrases in sentences such as メアリーさんは二年生にねんせいです (Mary is a sophomore), and 私わたしの専攻せんこうは日本語にほんごです (My major is Japanese), are the subjects of those sentences. A topic phrase doesn't need to be the subject of a sentence, however. There were three sentences in Lessons 3's dialogue where nonsubject phrases are made topics with the help of the particle は. メアリーさん、週末しゅうまつはたいてい何なにをしますか。 Mary, what do you usually do on the weekend. 今日きょうは京都きょうとに行いきます。 I'm going to Kyoto today. In the examples above, は presents time expressions as the topic of each sentence. Its effects can be paraphased like so: "Let's talk about weekends; what do you do on the weekend?" "Let me say what I will do today; I will go to Kyoto." A 晩ばんご飯はんは？ B 食たべません。 A How about dinner? B I will not eat. In this example, は is used in directing the listener's attention (with rising intonation) and inviting a comment or completion of a sentence. You may notice that the topic, 晩ばんご飯はん, does not act as a subject here, but is rather a direct object to the verb 食たべる.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar は (1) Bunpro は Wiktionary は
文型ぶんけい	Topicは～

表現ひょうげんノート1. 行いく/来くる Genki I: p.93

説明せつめい	When you move to a place where the listener is, you say "I'm coming." in English. However, in the same situation, 行いきます is used in Japanese. 来くる is a movement toward the place where the speaker is, while 行いく is a movement in a direction away from the speaker.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary 行いく来くる
英訳えいやく	行いく = to go; to come (when moving towards the listener) 来くる = to come
例文れいぶん	待まって、行いきますよ。 Hold on, I'm coming.

表現ひょうげんノート2. ちょっと Genki I: p.93

本文ほんぶん	土曜日どようびはちょっと……。【Dialogue I: //.5】 Saturday is not a good day for me.
説明せつめい	ちょっと literally means "a little," "a bit," "a small amount," as in ちょっとください (Please give me a little) and ちょっと待まってください (Please wait a moment). It is also commonly used for a polite refusal. In this case, it means "inconvenient," "impossible," and so on. Japanese people don't normally reject requests, suggestions, or invitations with いいえ (No), because it sounds too direct.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary ちょっと
英訳えいやく	a little (inconvenient)
例文れいぶん	A 土曜日どようびに映画えいがを見みませんか。 B 土曜日どようびは、ちょっと。 A Want to see a movie on Saturday? B Saturday is not convenient for me. (lit., Saturday is a little bit.)

表現ひょうげんノート3. はい/ええ Genki I: p.93

本文ほんぶん	ええ、今日きょうは京都きょうとに行いきます。【Dialogue II: //.3】 Yes, I'm going to Kyoto today.
説明せつめい	Both はい and ええ mean "yes" in response to yes-no questions. Compared to はい, ええ is more conversational and relaxed. In more informal situations, うん is used. はい is also used to respond to a knock at the door or to the calling of one's name, meaning "Here," as follows. (ええ cannot be replaced in this case.) Teacher スミスさん？ Student はい。 Teacher Mr. Smith? Student Here.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary はいええうん
英訳えいやく	はい = yes; here/present ええ = yes うん = yeah; uh-huh
例文れいぶん	A ミク好すき？ B うん、好すき好すき。 A You like Miku? B Yeah, I love her.

1. Xがあります／います Genki I: p.107-108

本文ほんぶん	あそこにホテルがありますね。【Dialogue I: //.2】 There is a hotel over there. 人ひとがたくさんいましたか。【Dialogue II: //.7】 Were there a lot of people?
説明せつめい	The verbs ある (for non-living things) and いる (for living things) can be used to say "there is/are X." あそこにマクドナルドがあります。 There's a McDonald's over there. The thing that you are presenting (マクドナルド above) is accompanied by the particle が. The place where the thing is (あそこ) is accompanied by the particle に, unlike the other verbs which call for で. The place is usually described first, and then the thing, as in the example above. You can also use ある to say that you have or own something. テレビがありません。 I don't have a TV. ※ ある also differs from other verbs in its colloquial negative form, simply changing to ない, instead of ×あらない which is ungrammatical. Something you should note is テレビじゃありません which may look similar, but is actually the more conservative version of テレビじゃないです which means "It isn't a TV." 時間じかんがありますか。 Do you have time? ある is also used to say that an event will take place. 火曜日かようびにテストがあります。 There will be an exam on Tuesday. あしたは日本語にほんごのクラスがありません。 There will not be Japanese class tomorrow. When ある is used in this way, the place description is followed by the particle で. あした京都きょうとでお祭まつりがあります。 There will be a festival in Kyoto tomorrow. When you want to say there is a person or living thing, you need to use the verb いる. あそこに留学生りゅうがくせいがいます。 There's an international student over there. You can also use いる to say that you have friends, siblings, and so on. 日本人にほんじんの友達ともだちがいます。 I have a Japanese friend. Note that the same verb "is" in English comes out differently in Japanese: あそこに留学生りゅうがくせいがいます。 There is an international student over there. メアリーさんは留学生りゅうがくせいです。 Mary is an international student. いる and ある are strictly for descriptions of existence and location, whereas です is for the description of an attribute for a person or thing.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar ある (1) いる (1) Bunpro があるがいる Wiktionary あるいる
英訳えいやく	ある (for inanimate objects) = to be; to have; there will be; there is/are... いる (for animate objects) = to be; there is/are...
文型ぶんけい	a. (placeに)thingがあります b. (placeに)personがいます
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Xがあります／います Practice: Xがあります Workbook: Xがあります／います

2. Describing Where Things Are Genki I: p.108-109

本文ほんぶん

マクドナルドはあのホテルの前まえですよ。【Dialogue I: //.3】
McDonald's is in front of that hotel.

説明せつめい

In Lesson 2 we learned how to ask for, and give, the location of item X.

A

マクドナルドはどこですか。

B

マクドナルドは{ここ／そこ／あそこ}です。

A

Where's McDonald's?

B

McDonald's is {right here/right there near you/over there}.

Now we will learn how to describe the location of an item relative to another item, as in "X is in front of Y." The Japanese version looks like XはYの前まえです.

(マクドナルドは)あのホテルの前まえです。

It's in front of that hotel.

Other useful words for describing locations are as follows:

XはYの

location words
みぎ
ひだり
まえ
うしろ
なか
うえ
した
ちかく／そば
となり*

です。

XはYとZのあいだです。

X is

to the right of
to the left of
in front of
behind
inside
on/above
under/beneath
near
next to

Y.

X is between Y and Z。

Any of the above locations words can be used together with a verb to describe an event that occurs in the place. To use these phrases with verbs, such as 食たべる and 待まつ, you simply need to add the particle で to the end of the phrase.

私わたしはモスバーガーの前まえでメアリーさんを待まちました。

I waited for Mary in front of the Mos Burger place.

※ となり is used to describe two people or two buildings/places that are found side by side. よこ on the other hand can be used for a much wider range of things.

○かばんはつくえのよこです。
×かばんはつくえのとなりです。

The bag is by the desk.
(odd)

文型ぶんけい

XはYのlocation wordです

例文れいぶん

銀行ぎんこうは図書館としょかんのとなりです。

The bank is next to the library.
傘かさはテーブルの下したです。

The umbrella is under the table.
レストランはスーパーと病院びょういんの間あいだです。

The restaurant is between the supermarket and the hospital.

練習れんしゅう

3. Past Tense of です (でした・じゃなかったです) Genki I: p.110

本文ほんぶん

おかえりなさい。映画えいがはどうでしたか。【Dialogue II: //.2】
Welcome home. How was the movie?

説明せつめい

The past tense affirmative form of です is でした and the past tense negative form of じゃないです is じゃなかったです.

です	affirmative	negative
[Present]	～です	～じゃないです
[Past]	～でした	～じゃなかったです

The past tense form of the more conservative じゃありません is じゃありませんでした and the more formal ではありません is ではありませんでした. In both cases, you simply add でした on the end to make it past tense.

補足ほそく

Bunpro

英訳えいやく

でした = was
じゃなかったです = was not

文型ぶんけい

a. ～でした
b. N/ANaじゃなかった(です)

例文れいぶん

山下先生やましたせんせいはさくら大学だいがくの学生がくせいでした。

Mr. Yamashita was a student at Sakura University.
あれは日本にほんの映画えいがじゃなかったです。

That was not a Japanese movie.

練習れんしゅう

4. Past Tense of Verbs (～ました・～ませんでした) Genki I: p.110

本文ほんぶん

見みませんでした。たけしさんは来きませんでした。【Dialogue II: //.3】
I didn't see it. Takeshi didn't come.
お寺てらで写真しゃしんをたくさん撮とりました。【Dialogue II: //.8-9】
I took many pictures at the temple.

説明せつめい

The past tense forms of verbs end with ました in the affirmative and ませんでした in the negative.

Verbs	affirmative	negative
[Present]	～ます	～ません
[Past]	～ました	～ませんでした

The conjugation rules listed in Lesson 3 for the long form are exactly the same for the past tense form.

補足ほそく

Bunpro

文型ぶんけい

a. V-stemました
b. V-stemませんでした

例文れいぶん

メアリーさんは九時くじごろうちに帰かえりました。

Mary returned home at about nine.

私わたしはきのう日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうしませんでした。

I did not study Japanese yesterday.

練習れんしゅう

5. も Genki I: p.111

本文ほんぶん	公園こうえんにも行いきました【Dialogue I: //.10】 I also went to a park.
説明せつめい	In Lesson 2 we learned to use the particle も with nouns that share the same properties. も can also be used with verbs when two or more people perform the same action. 私わたしはきのう京都きょうとに行いきました。山下先生やましたせんせいもきのう京都きょうとに行いきました。 I went to Kyoto yesterday. Professor Yamashita went to Kyoto yesterday, too. Or when someone buys, sees, or eats two or more things. メアリーさんは靴くつを買かいました。メアリーさんはかばんも買かいました。 Mary bought shoes. Mary bought a bag, too. In the examples above, you may have noticed that も replaces both は and を. が is also replaced in this manner. Other particles, such as に and で, on the other hand are not replaced by も but are instead accompanied by it. 私わたしは先週せんしゅう京都きょうとに行いきました。　　　　大阪おおさかにも行いきました。 I went to Kyoto last week. I went to Osaka, too. ソラさんは土曜日どようびに学校がっこうに来きました。　　　　　日曜日にちようびにも学校がっこうに来きました。 Sora came to school on Saturday. Sora came to school on Sunday, too. けんさんはうちで本ほんを読よみました。　　　　カフェでも本ほんを読よみました。 Ken read a book at home. He read book at a cafe, too. The new item that is just like the first item introduced in the preceding sentence replaces the old item and usually everything that comes before に or で, then simply add も after the particle. In the examples above, you visited both Kyoto and Osaka, Sora came to school both on Saturday and Sunday, and so forth. 　は／が／を　　も　　に／で／etc.　　にも／でも／etc.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar も Bunpro も Wiktionary も
英訳えいやく	too; also; as well
文型ぶんけい	a. NもV b. N{に／へ／で}もV
練習れんしゅう	Practice: も 1 Practice: も 2 Workbook: も

6. ～時間じかん Genki I: p.112

本文ほんぶん	モスバーガーの前まえで一時間いちじかん待まちました。【Dialogue III: //.3】 I waited for one hour in front of the Mos Burger place.
説明せつめい	You can express the duration of an activity with a number (1, 2, 3...) or number word (一いち、二に、三さん…) plus the word for "hour," 時間じかん, resulting in a noun like 一時間いちじかん. This noun can stand alone and is not followed by any particle. メアリーさんはそこでたけしさんを一時間いちじかん待まちました。 Mary waited for Takeshi there for an hour. For an approximate time, you can add ぐらい (about, around...) after ～時間じかん. 私わたしはきのう日本語にほんごを三時間さんじかんぐらい勉強べんきょうしました。 I studied Japanese for about three hours yesterday. To say X hour(s) and a half, add 半はん (half) right after ～時間じかん like with ぐらい. きのう七時間しちじかん半はん寝ねました。 I slept for seven and a half hours last night. When using both 半はん and ぐらい together, it's important to note that ぐらい comes after 半はん: 一時間いちじかん半はんぐらい (about an hour and a half).
補足ほそく	Wiktionary 時間じかん
英訳えいやく	X時間じかん = X hour(s) X時間じかんぐらい = about X hour(s) X時間じかん半はん = X and a half hour(s)
文型ぶんけい	Number+時間じかん(半はん)(ぐらい)
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～時間 Workbook: ～時間・Particles

7. Expressions of Quantity (たくさん) Genki I: p.112

本文ほんぶん

人ひとがたくさんいましたか。【Dialogue II: //.7】
Were there a lot of people?

説明せつめい

Expressions of quantity in Japanese are rather flexible and can be placed either before the noun or after the particle を.

京都きょうとで

写真しゃしんをたくさん
たくさん写真しゃしんを

取とりました。

I took many pictures in Kyoto.

The quantity-noun-particle and noun-particle-quantity order can also be used in ある and いる sentences with が.

野菜やさいがたくさん
たくさん野菜やさいが

あります。

There are a lot of vegetables.

These placement rules are the same for quantity words other than たくさん, such as いっぱい.

補足ほそく

Bunpro

沢山たくさん

Wiktionary

沢山たくさん

英訳えいやく

たくさん = a lot; many
いっぱい = a lot; much

文型ぶんけい

a. quantity+N{を／が}V
b. N{を／が}quantity+V

例文れいぶん

たくさん食たべました。

I ate a lot.

8. と Genki I: p.113

本文ほんぶん	一人ひとりで本屋ほんやとお寺てらに行いきました【Dialogue II: //.5-6】 I went to a bookstore and a temple alone.
説明せつめい	The particle と has two functions. One is to connect two nouns, as in "A and B." 日本語にほんごと英語えいごを話はなします。 I speak Japanese and English. 京都きょうとと大阪おおさかに行いきました。 I went to Kyoto and Osaka. The other meaning of と is "together with." This version is used when you want to describe something you will do or did with another person. メアリーさんはソラさんと韓国かんこくに行いきます。 Mary will go to Korea with Sora.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar と (1) Bunpro と Wiktionary と
英訳えいやく	and; with
文型ぶんけい	a. N1とN2 = N1 and N2 b. Nと～ = with N
例文れいぶん	カレーとラーメンが大好だいすきです。 I love curry and ramen. 友達ともだちとゲームをしました。 I played a game with a friend.

表現ひょうげんノート1. Xの前まえ Genki I: p.113

本文ほんぶん	マクドナルドはあのホテルの前まえですよ。【Dialogue I: //.3】 McDonald's is in front of that hotel.
説明せつめい	Xの前まえ is often used in the sense of "across (the street) from X" or "opposite X." You may also hear another word that is used in the sense of across, namely, Xの向むかい. If something is behind X, or farther away from a street and cannot be directly seen because of the intervening X, in addition to calling it Xの後うしろ, you can also describe it as being Xの裏うら.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar 前まえに Bunpro 前まえに Wiktionary 前まえに
英訳えいやく	～の前まえ = in front of... ～の向むかい = across the street from... ～の後うしろ = behind... ～の裏うら = behind...
文型ぶんけい	Nの{前まえ/向むかい/後うしろ/裏うら}
例文れいぶん	図書館としょかんはコンビニの後うしろです。 The library is behind the convenience store.

表現ひょうげんノート2. えっ/あっ Genki I: p.113

本文ほんぶん	えっ、どうしてですか。【Dialogue II: //.4】 Oh, why? あっ、たけしさん。今日きょう来きませんでしたね。【Dialogue III: //.2】 Oh, Takeshi. You didn't come today, did you?
説明せつめい	In the dialogues, we observe Mary's host father saying えっ, and Mary saying あっ. えっ is like the incredulous "what?" that you use when you have heard something that is hard to believe. あっ is used when you have suddenly noticed or remembered something. The small っ at the end of these little words indicates that these words, when pronounced, are very short.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary えっあっ
英訳えいやく	えっ = what?; huh? あっ = ah; oh
例文れいぶん	A あっ、教科書きょうかしょを忘わすれました…！ B えっ！？ A Ah, I forgot my textbook...! B What!?

表現ひょうげんノート3. Not using あなた Genki I: p.113

説明せつめい

As we learned in Lesson 1, the use of the word あなた is limited. Japanese speakers usually go without explicitly mentioning "you" in sentences.

A

今週こんしゅうの週末しゅうまつ、何なにをしますか。

B

買かい物ものをします。

A

What are you going to do this weekend?

B

I am going shopping.

If you know the name of the person you are talking to, use their name plus さん, instead of あなた. Never use あなた when you are talking to your professor or boss. Using terms of address other than their title, like 先生せんせい (teacher) and 社長しゃちょう (president of a company), is considered rude in conversations with your social "superiors."

補足ほそく

Wiktionary

あなた

1. Adjectives (Present Tense) Genki I: p.132-133

本文ほんぶん

ちょっと暑あついですね。【Dialogue I: //.2】
It is a little hot.
でも、難むずしくないですか。【Dialogue I: //.8】
But isn't it difficult?

説明せつめい

Japanese has two types of adjectives: "い-adjectives" and "な-adjectives." Just like verbs, they have present, past, affirmative, and negative conjugations. The two types of adjectives also follow different conjugation patterns.

For present tense, simply add です to both い-adjectives and な-adjectives. For negative, you replace the last い of an い-adjective with くない. な-adjectives are just like nouns and you only need to change です to じゃないです.

[Present]	affirmative	negative
い-adjectives e.g. さむい	さむいです It is cold.	さむくないです　(or さむくありません) It is not cold.
な-adjectives e.g. 元気げんき(な)	元気げんきです She is healthy.	元気げんきじゃないです　(or 元気げんきじゃありません) She is not healthy.

A

その本ほんはおもしろいですか。

B

いいえ、あまりおもしろくないです。

A

Is that book interesting?

B

No, it is not very interesting.

A

今日きょう、ひまですか。

B

いいえ、ひまじゃないです。

A

Are you free today?

B

No, I'm not free.

There are two negative forms for い- and な-adjectives: ないです and ありません. ないです is more colloquial, and ありません is more conservative and more appropriate in the written language. Just like negation with nouns (see Lesson 2), じゃ in the negative version can also be replaced with では in more formal situations. Don't apply the noun/な-adjective pattern to い-adjectives. It is wrong to say ×さむいじゃないです, for example.

Unlike verbs, adjectives conjugate pretty much the same. The only exception worth noting would be the adjective いい (good). The first syllable of いい is changed to よ in all forms except the dictionary form. There is, however, an alternative, よい, but it's not used as much. Compound adjectives that contain いい, such as かっこいい follow the same rule for いい and we say かっこよくないです. かわいい may look like it contains いい, but it doesn't; it conjugates like every other い-adjective: かわいくない.

[Present] (irregular)	affirmative	negative
いい	いいです	よくないです　(or よくありません)

If you want to say things like "very hot," and "a little hot," you can add "degree adverbs" like すごく (extremely), とても (very), and ちょっと (a little; slightly) before adjectives.

沖縄おきなわの海うみはとてもきれいです。

The sea is very beautiful in Okinawa.

この部屋へやはちょっと暑あついです。

This room is a little hot.

補足ほそく

Bunpro

文型ぶんけい

affirmative
{A/ANa}+(です)

negative
a. A-stem+{くない(です)/くありません}
b. ANa+{じゃない(です)/じゃありません}

練習れんしゅう

2. Adjectives (Past Tense) Genki I: p.133-134

本文ほんぶん

ロバートさん、旅行りょこうは楽たのしかったですか。【Dialogue III: //.1】
Robert, did you enjoy the trip?

説明せつめい

With い-adjectives, you change the last い to かったです in the affirmative. In the negative, you only need to change the present tense くない to くなかったです. な-adjectives are just like nouns, so the affirmative is でした and the negative じゃなかったです. Be careful not to confuse the two patterns, however, as it is wrong to say ×さむいでした, for example.

[Past]	affirmative	negative
い-adjectives e.g. さむい	さむかったです It was cold.	さむくなかったです　(or さむくありませんでした) It was not cold.
な-adjectives e.g. 元気げんき(な)	元気げんきでした She was healthy.	元気げんきじゃなかったです　(or 元気げんきじゃありませんでした) She was not healthy.

A

テストは難むずかしかったですか。

B

いいえ、ぜんぜん難むずかしくなかったです。

A

Was the exam difficult?

B

No, it was not difficult at all.

A

その町まちはにぎやかでしたか。

B

いいえ、にぎやかじゃなかったです。

A

Was the town lively?

B

No, it was not lively.

The い-adjective いい (good) is irregular and has it's first syllable changed to よ as in the present tense conjugations.

[Past] (irregular)	affirmative	negative
いい	よかったです	よくなかったです　(or よくありませんでした)

補足ほそく

Bunpro

文型ぶんけい

affirmative
a. A-stem+かった(です)
b. ANa+{でした/だった}

negative
a. A-stem+{くなかった(です)/くありませんでした}
b. ANa+{じゃなかった(です)/じゃありませんでした}

練習れんしゅう

3. Adjectives (Noun Modification) Genki I: p.134

本文ほんぶん	わあ、きれいな海うみ！【Dialogue I: //.3】 Wow, what a beautiful sea!
説明せつめい	Adjectives in Japanese can be used to modify nouns. Simply place the adjective before the noun that you want to modify. Please note, however, that な-adjectives must retain "な" when modifying nouns. い-adjectives:　　おもしろい映画えいが　　an interesting movie な-adjectives:　　きれいな写真しゃしん　　a beautiful picture
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar Relative Clause (Japanese Grammar) Bunpro い-Adjective + (Noun) な-Adjective + (Noun) Wiktionary Relative Clause (English Grammar)
文型ぶんけい	a. A+N b. ANaな+N
例文れいぶん	きのう、おもしろい映画えいがを見みました。 I saw an interesting movie yesterday. 山下先生やましたせんせいはこわい先生せんせいです。 Professor Yamashita is a scary teacher. 京都きょうとできれいな写真しゃしんを取とりました。 I took a beautiful picture in Kyoto. ここはとてもにぎやかな町まちです。 This is a very vibrant city.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Adjectives (Noun Modification) 1 Practice: Adjectives (Noun Modification) 2 Workbook: Adjective + Noun

4. 好き(な)/きらい(な) Genki I: p.135

本文ほんぶん	サーフィンが好きです。【Dialogue I: //.6】 I like surfing.
説明せつめい	Some Japanese adjectives are like verbs in English, and they take a subject and an object. 好すき(な) (to be fond of; to like), and きらい(な) (to be disgusted with; to dislike) are two examples of this. If you like something or somebody, for example, 私わたしは will be the subject and the object of your affection will be Yが. 　XはYが{好すき/きらい}です。 =　X {likes/dislikes} Y.　ロバートさんは日本語にほんごのクラスが好すきです。 Robert likes his Japanese classes. 山下先生やましたせんせいは魚さかながきらいです。 Professor Yamashita dislikes fish. In regards to romantic or familial affection, the complex particle のことが replaces が. たけしさんはメアリーさんのことが好すきです。 =　メアリーさんが好すきです。 Takeshi is in love with Mary. In contexts where you are contrasting two or more items, the particle は is used instead of が. 私わたしは野菜やさいは好すきですが、肉にくはきらいです。 I like vegetables, but I don't like meat. If you like or dislike something (or someone) a lot, you can add 大だい～ before 好すき or きらい to intensify it, giving us 大好だいすき (like very much) and 大だいきらい (hate). These forms are used more often than degree modifiers, such as とても, in combination with 好すき and きらい. たけしさんはコーヒーが大好だいすきです。 Takeshi likes coffee a lot. ソラさんはなっとうが大だいきらいです。 Sora hates natto (Japanese fermented soybeans). If you want to be neutral and say that you neither like nor dislike something, you can say: 好すきでもきらいでもないです。 I neither like nor dislike (it). You can also use 好すきな and きらいな as modifiers of nouns. For example, you can say things like: これは私わたしの好すきな本ほんです。 This is my favorite book.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar 好すきだ嫌きらいだ Bunpro 好すき嫌きらい Wiktionary 好すき嫌きらい
英訳えいやく	好すき = to be fond of; to like 大好だいすき = to like very much; to love 嫌きらい = to be disgusted with; to dislike 大嫌だいきらい = to hate
文型ぶんけい	(Xは)Yが(大だい){好すき/嫌きらい}です
練習れんしゅう	Practice: 好き(な)／きらい(な) 1 Practice: 好き(な)／きらい(な) 2 Workbook: 好き(な)／きらい(な)

5. ～ましょう/ましょうか Genki I: p.136

本文ほんぶん	泳およぎましょう。【Dialogue I: //.4】 Let's swim.
説明せつめい	Take the long form of a verb and replace ます with ましょう or ましょうか and you will get the Japanese expression for "let's...," which you can use to suggest a plan of action.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar ましょう Bunpro ましょうましょうか Wiktionary ましょう
英訳えいやく	～ましょう = let's ～ましょうか = shall we?
文型ぶんけい	V-stem{ましょう/ましょうか}
例文れいぶん	一緒いっしょに図書館としょかんで勉強べんきょうしましょう。 Let's study in the library together. あそこでコーヒーを飲のみましょうか。 Shall we drink coffee over there?
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～ましょう Workbook: ～ましょう／～ましょうか

6. Counting Genki I: p.136

本文ほんぶん

じゃ、Lサイズを二枚にまいください。【Dialogue II: //.5】
Then, two large ones, please.

説明せつめい

When we count items in Japanese, we use different number words or different kinds of items; the words used for counting people are different from the words used for counting books, for example. Number words often come after, rather than before, the items counted in a sentence.

	item	number
りーさんは	Tシャツを	三枚さんまい	買かいました。
Lee bought three T-shirts.

The number word 三枚さんまい, is made up of the numeral 三さん and the "counter" 枚まい. This counter is used for sheets of paper and other flat objects. There will be other counters in later lessons― for people, for books, for stick-like objects, and so on. You can find what counter to use for what kind of items, and how the sound of number words change in combination with counters here.

文型ぶんけい

item～number+counter

例文れいぶん

コンビニでコークを二本にほん買かいました。

I bought two cans of coke at the convenience store.

表現ひょうげんノート1. 忙いそがしい/にぎやか(な) Genki I: p.137

説明せつめい	忙いそがしい is used when we describe people and is not used for places. When you want to say that Tokyo is busy, you should use にぎやか(な) instead. たけしさんは忙いそがしいです。 Takeshi is busy. 東京とうきょうはにぎやかです。 Tokyo is busy/lively. Note that the sentence below is also acceptable, since the subject "I" is omitted in the sentence. 日曜日にちようびは忙いそがしいです。 =日曜日にちようびは(私わたしは)忙いそがしいです。 I am busy on Sunday.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary 忙いそがしい賑にぎやか
英訳えいやく	忙いそがしい = busy (of people); hectic にぎやか(な) = busy (of places); bustling; lively

表現ひょうげんノート2. そうですね/そうですか Genki I: p.137

本文ほんぶん	いい天気てんきですね。【Dialogue I: //.1】 Nice weather. そうですね。でも、ちょっと暑あついですね。【Dialogue I: //.2】 Yes. But it is a little hot.
説明せつめい	そうですね is used when you agree with what you just heard. That is, you share the same opinion about Ken in the example below. A けんさんはとてもいい人ひとです。 B そうですね。 A Ken is a very nice person. B That's right. / I agree. / Uh-huh. You can also use そうですね with the last ね prolonged, as a hesitation marker, so that you can buy time to think about what to say. A 一緒いっしょにに映画えいがに行いきませんか。 B そうですねえ…。 A Let's go to the cinema. B Well, let me see... そうですか, with falling intonation, is used when what you just heard is new to you. In the example below, you probably do not know who Ken is. A けんさんはとてもいい人ひとです。 B そうですか。 A Ken is a very nice person. B I see. / Oh, he is, huh? If you say そうですか with rising intonation, you will be indicating that you are not completely sure about what you just heard. A 今日きょうは水曜日すいようびですよ。 B そうですか。火曜日かようびじゃないですか。 A Today is Wednesday. B Is it really? Isn't today Tuesday?
補足ほそく	Wiktionary そうですねそうか
英訳えいやく	そうですね = that's right; I agree そうですか = I see; is that so?

1. Te-form Genki I: p.150-151

本文ほんぶん

ロバートさん、次つぎのページを読よんでください。【Dialogue I: //.1】
Robert, please read the next page.
じゃあ、今日きょうは家いえに帰かえって、勉強べんきょうします。【Dialogue II: //.8】
Well then, I'll go home and study today.

説明せつめい

Te-forms are a very important part of Japanese grammar. They are used for the following:

making requests ("..., please.")
forming a sentence that describes two events or activities. ("I did this and did that.")
giving and asking for permission ("You may.../May I...?")
stating that something is forbidden ("You must not...")

The conjugation paradigm of te-forms is complex, as we need to learn separate rules for ru-, u-, and irregular verbs. Furthermore, the rule for u-verbs is divided into five sub-rules.

Ru-verbs	る　　て	食べる　　食べて
U-verbs that end with	うつ　　ってる	会あう　　会あって待まつ　　待まってとる　　とって
	むぶ　　んでぬ	読よむ　　読よんで遊あそぶ　　遊あそんで死しぬ　　死しんで
	く　　いて	書かく　　書かいて行いく　　行いって (Exception)
	ぐ　　いで	泳およぐ　　泳およいで
	す　　して	話はなす　　話はなして
Irregular Verbs	するくる	する　　してくる　　きて

Note that te-forms and stems (the forms you get when you remove ます) of an u-verb are totally different from each other, while they look similar in ru-verbs (食たべて and 食たべます). Be careful not to come up with improper forms such as ×会あいて (compare 会あいます) and ×読よみて (compare 読よみます) in u-verbs. You may want to memorize each verb as a set, as in 書かく・書かきます・書かいて. Refer to the verb conjugation table here.

補足ほそく

Bunpro

～て (Conjunction)

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

て

Wiktionary

て

例文れいぶん

昨日きのう、晩ばんご飯はんを食たべてすぐに寝ねました。

Yesterday I ate dinner and went straight to bed.

練習れんしゅう

2. ～てください Genki I: p.151

本文ほんぶん	ロバートさん、次つぎのページを読よんでください。【Dialogue I: //.1】 Robert, please read the next page. どうぞ座すわってください。【Dialogue III: //.2】 Take this seat, please.
説明せつめい	Use the te-form of a verb together with ください to make a polite request to another person "please do...for me." 教科書きょうかしょを読よんでください。 Please read the textbook. すみません。ちょっと教おしえてください。 Excuse me. Please teach me a little. (= Tell me, I need your advice.) If you are talking to a very close friend or a family member, a te-form by itself can be used as a request. 窓まどを開あけて。 Open the window, will you?
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar ください Bunpro ～てください Wiktionary ください
英訳えいやく	please (do for me)
文型ぶんけい	～てください
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～てください 1 Practice: ～てください 2 Workbook: ～てください

3. Describing Two Activities (Sentence～て、Sentence) Genki I: p.151-152

本文ほんぶん	じゃあ、今日きょうは家いえに帰かえって、勉強べんきょうします。【Dialogue II: //.8】 Well then, I'll go home and study today.
説明せつめい	The te-form can be used to combine two or more verbs, as in describing a sequence of events or actions ("I did this and then I did that"). Basically, the te-form here acts as "and" with verbs. (Note that two verbs cannot be joined by と, which only connects nouns.) The overall tense of the sentence (present, past...) is determined by the tense of the verb at the end of the sentence. 図書館としょかんに行いって、本ほんを借かります。 I will go to the library and check out some books. 今日きょうは、六時ろくじに起おきて、勉強べんきょうしました。 Today I got up at six and studied. 食堂しょくどうに行いって、昼ひるご飯はんを食たべましょう。 Let's go to the cafeteria and have lunch. The te-form can also be used to loosely connect verbs with the rest of the sentence. In the first example below, the verb in the te-form describes the manner in which the action described by the second verb is performed. In the second example, the te-form describes the situation for which the apology is made. バスに乗のって、会社かいしゃに行いきます。 I go to work by bus. (I take a bus to work.) 教科書きょうかしょを忘わすれて、すみません。 I am sorry for not bringing in the textbook. (I left the book at home, and I am sorry.)
補足ほそく	Bunpro Verb + て Verb + て + B
英訳えいやく	and; (used to loosely connect verbs with the rest of the sentence)
文型ぶんけい	S1～て、S2。
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Describing Two Activities 1 Practice: Describing Two Activities 2 Workbook: Describing Two Activities

4. ～てもいいです Genki I: p.152

本文ほんぶん	後あとでソラさんのノートを借かりてもいいですか。【Dialogue II: //.2】 May I borrow your notebook later, Sora? いいですよ。【Dialogue II: //.3】 You may.
説明せつめい	The te-form of a verb plus もいいです means "you may do...," which describes an activity that is permitted. (The も can be dropped in casual speech to say 食たべていいです instead of 食たべてもいいです) To ask for permission, you can turn it into a question sentence: ～てもいいですか ("may I...?"). If somebody asks for permission and if you want to grant it, you can either repeat the whole verb te-form plus もいいです construction, or just simply say いいです. て needs to be a part of a verb and cannot stand alone. So you cannot just say ×てもいいです or ×もいいです. The polite and graceful way to grant permission is to say どうぞ.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar てもいい Bunpro Verb + てもいいてもいい
英訳えいやく	～てもいいです = you may... ～てもいいですか = may I...?
文型ぶんけい	～てもいいです(か)
例文れいぶん	教科書きょうかしょを見みてもいいですよ。 You may use the textbook. A トイレに行ってもいいですか。 B はい、いいですよ。／どうぞ。 A May I go to the bathroom? B You may./Please.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～てもいいです 1 Practice: ～てもいいです 2 Workbook: ～てもいいです

5. ～てはいけません Genki I: p.152

本文ほんぶん	ロバートさん、起おきてください。クラスで寝ねてはいけませんよ。【Dialogue I: //.3】 Robert, please wake up. You cannot sleep in class.
説明せつめい	The te-form of a verb plus はいけません means "you must not do...," a strong prohibition statement, as in rules and regulations. ここで写真しゃしんを撮とってはいけません。 You must not take pictures here. If somebody asks you for permission but you want to deny it, you can use てはいけません, but the sentence may sound too harsh unless you are in a position of authority. Instead, you can use ～ないでください ("please don't") which is much softer in comparison.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar はいけない Bunpro てはいけない Wiktionary いけない
英訳えいやく	you must not...
文型ぶんけい	～てはいけません
例文れいぶん	ここで吸すってはいけません。 You must not smoke here.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～てはいけません 1 Practice: ～てはいけません 2 Workbook: ～てはいけません

6. ～から Genki I: p.153

本文ほんぶん	教科書きょうかしょを持もってきてくださいね。毎日まいにち使つかいますから。【Dialogue I: //.5】 Please bring your textbook with you. (Because) we use it every day.
説明せつめい	A sentence that ends with から (because) explains the reason or the cause of a situation, a proposal, and so forth. 　(situation)。(explanation)から。 =　(situation). Because (explanation).　私わたしは今晩こんばん勉強べんきょうします。あしたテストがありますから。 I will study this evening. (Because) we will have an exam tomorrow. バスに乗のりましょう。タクシーは高たかいですから。 Let's go by bus. (Because) taxis are expensive. The explanation clause may also precede the situation clause. Thus the first example above can also be paraphrased like so: あしたテストがありますから。私わたしは今晩こんばん勉強べんきょうします。 (Because) we will have an exam tomorrow. I will study this evening. This is discussed further in Lesson 9.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar から (3) Bunpro から Wiktionary から
英訳えいやく	because; since
文型ぶんけい	Sから
例文れいぶん	傘かさを持もってきます。雨あめが降ふりますから。 I will bring an umbrella along. (Because) it will rain.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～から Workbook: ～から・～ましょうか

7. ～ましょうか (Offering Assistance) Genki I: p.153

本文ほんぶん	じゃあ、荷物にもつを持もちましょうか。【Dialogue III: //.4】 Then, shall I hold your bag for you?
説明せつめい	In Lesson 5 we learned ましょう(か) meaning "Let's...." ましょうか is also used in the sense of "let me do...," in offering assistance. If you see somebody having a hard time opening the lid of a bottle for example, you can offer help by saying: (私が)やりましょうか。 I'll do it. (=Shall I do it?) Or to a person who is carrying a heavy bag: 荷物にもつを持もちましょうか。 Shall I carry your bag?
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar ましょう Bunpro ましょうか Wiktionary ましょう
英訳えいやく	shall I?; let me...
文型ぶんけい	V-stemましょうか
例文れいぶん	手伝てつだいましょうか。 Let me lend you a hand.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～ましょうか 1 Practice: ～ましょうか 2 Workbook: ～から・～ましょうか

表現ひょうげんノート1. どうも Genki I: p.155

本文ほんぶん	そうですか。じゃあ、荷物にもつを持もちましょうか。【Dialogue III: //.4】 Is that so? Then, shall I hold your bag for you? あ、どうもすみません。【Dialogue III: //.5】 Oh, thank you.
説明せつめい	どうも is normally used with ありがとう, as in どうもありがとう (Thank you very much), or with すみません, as in どうもすみません (I am very sorry/Thank you very much). When used alone, it is an abbreviation of どうもありがとう or どうもすみません. Therefore, when you want to show your gratitude or regret, you can just say どうも instead of saying a long sentence. A 教科書きょうかしょを忘わすれたから私わたしのを貸かします。 B どうも。 A Since you forgot your textbook, I'll lend you mine. B Thank you. どうも functions in many ways, depending on the situation. Some people use どうも as "hello" or "good-bye." どうも、お久ひさしぶりですね。 Hello, long time no see.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary どうも
英訳えいやく	thank you; sorry; hello; goodbye

表現ひょうげんノート2. お- Genki I: p.155

説明せつめい	Many words that begin with お can also be used without it. お in such words is an honorific prefix which simply adds smoothness and nuance of social refinement, without changing the meaning of the words. お酒さけ　　お金かね　　お風呂ふろ　　お祭まつり (festival)
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar お Wiktionary 御お
英訳えいやく	honorific/polite/humble prefix
文型ぶんけい	お+{N/A/ANa/V}

1. ～ている (Action in Progress) Genki I: p.170-171

本文ほんぶん

今いま、ソラさんの写真しゃしんを見みています。【Dialogue II: //.2】
I am looking at Sora's pictures.

説明せつめい

The te-form of a verb that describes an action (e.g., 食たべる、読よむ) together with the helping verb いる can be used to describe actions in progress.
　Action verbs + ている = action in progress　

ソラさんは今いま勉強べんきょうしています。

Sora is studying right now.

たけしさんは英語えいごの本ほんを読よんでいます。

Takeshi is reading a book in English.

今いま、何なにをしていますか。

What are you doing right now?

You can also use ～ています to describe what a person does habitually or by occupation.

私わたしは英語えいごを教おしえています。

I teach English. / I am teaching English (right now).

メアリーさんは毎日まいにち日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうしています。

Mary studies Japanese every day.

The first example has two interpretations: you are actually teaching English right at this moment, or you are an English-language teacher (but are not necessarily in class right now). The second example means that Mary is in the habit of studying Japanese every day (but of course she does not spend 24 hours a day doing so).

The helping verb いる conjugates as a ru-verb, so it has the following long forms.

e.g. 食たべている	affirmative	negative
[Present]	食たています He is eating.	食たていません He is not eating.
[Past]	食たていました He was eating.	食たていませんでした He was not eating.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

いる (2)

Bunpro

Wiktionary

て
いる

英訳えいやく

...-ing (as in doing, eating, etc.); (indicates habitual action)

文型ぶんけい

Action verb+ている

例文れいぶん

待まって、今いま食たべています。

Hold on, I'm eating right now.

練習れんしゅう

2. ～ている (Result of a Change) Genki I: p.171-172

本文ほんぶん

姉あねは結婚けっこんしています。【Dialogue I: //.8】
My sister is married.

説明せつめい

The te-form of a verb that describes a change from one state to another (e.g., 死しぬ、起おきる) plus いる can be used to describe the result of a change (in certain contexts, action verbs can describe the result of a change). If you get married, or 結婚けっこんする, for example, your status changes from being single to being married. A change took place in the past, and its significance still remains even in the present moment.
　Change verbs + ている = result of a change　

山下先生やましたせんせいは結婚けっこんしています。

Professor Yamashita is married.
(=state resulting from getting married)

ゆいさんは窓まどの近ちかくに座すわっています。

Yui is seated near the window.
(=state resulting from seating herself there)

Here are some more examples of verbs that are commonly used in the ～ている framework.

持もつ	持もっている (has)	ソラさんはお金かねをたくさん持もっています。 Sora has a lot of money.
知しる	知しっている (knows)	山下先生やましたせんせいは母ははを知しっています。 Professor Yamashita knows my mother.
太ふとる	太ふとっている (is overweight)	トムさんはちょっと太ふとっています。 Tom is a little overweight.
やせる	やせている (is thin)	私わたしの弟おとうとはとてもやせています。 My younger brother is very thin.
着きる	着きている (wears)	メアリーさんはTシャツを着きています。 Mary is wearing/wears a T-shirt.
起おきる	起おきている (is awake)	お父さんは起おきています。 Dad is up and awake.
住すむ	住すんでいる (lives in)	家族かぞくは東京とうきょうに住すんでいます。 My family lives in Tokyo.

Note that verbs like 行いく and 来くる belong to the change class. Thus 行いっている and 来きている indicate the result of prior movements, not movements that are currently in progress. You may want to be careful with what the following sentences mean.

中国ちゅうごくに行いっています

Somebody has gone to/is in China.
(Not: Somebody is going to China.)

うちに来きています。

Somebody has come over to visit.
(Not: Somebody is coming over.)

You can simply use the present tense and say メアリーさんは来きます, for example, if you want to say that Mary is coming, because the present tense in Japanese refers to both the present and future.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

いる (2)

Bunpro

ている ②

Wiktionary

て
いる

文型ぶんけい

Change verb+ている

練習れんしゅう

3. Describing People Genki I: p.172-173

本文ほんぶん

背せが高たかくて、かっこいいですね。【Dialogue I: //.7】
He is tall and good-looking.

説明せつめい

To describe somebody who has long hair, one could say:

トムさんの髪かみは長ながいです。

Tom's hair is long.

But in fact it would be far more natural in Japanese to say:

トムさんは髪かみが長ながいです。

Tom has long hair. (=As for Tom, he has long hair.)

This applies not only to the discussion of the length of one's hair, but to the descriptions of a person's physical attributes in general. See the Parts of the Body vocabulary exercise for the name of body parts.

Aさんは

目め
耳みみ
手て
足あし
…

が

長ながい
大おおきい
小ちいさい
かわいい
…

Person A has a body part which is...

In idiomatic collocations, we also have:

背せが高たかい is tall

背せが低ひくい is short

頭あたまがいい is bright/smart

文型ぶんけい

nameさんはattributeがadjectiveです

例文れいぶん

メアリーさんは髪かみが長ながいです。

Mary has long hair.

練習れんしゅう

4. Adjective/Noun Te-forms for Joining Sentences Genki I: p.173

本文ほんぶん

背せが高たかくて、かっこいいですね。【Dialogue I: //.7】
He is tall and good-looking.

説明せつめい

い- and な-adjectives, and です after nouns also have te-forms, which can be used to combine two elements to form longer sentences.

The te-form of an い-adjective is formed by replacing the final い with くて. The te-form of a な-adjective and a noun+です sequence is formed by adding で to the base or the noun.

い-adjectives: (irregular)	安やすい　　安やすくていい　　よくて
な-adjectives: noun+です:	元気げんき(な)　　元気げんきで日本人にほんじんです　　日本人にほんじんで

あの店みせの食たべ物ものは安やすくて、おいしいです。

The food at that restaurant is inexpensive and delicious.

ホテルはきれいで、よかったです。

The hotel was clean and we were happy.

山下先生やましたせんせいは日本人にほんじんで、五十歳ごじゅっさいぐらいです。

Professor Yamashita is Japanese and he is about fifty years old.

As with the te-form conjunction of verbs in Lesson 6, you can use the te-form conjunction of adjectives in sentences describing the past and the present. The last adjective determines the overall tense of each of these sentences.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

て

Bunpro

Wiktionary

て

例文れいぶん

あの猫ねこは小ちいさくてかわいいです。

That cat is small and cute.

練習れんしゅう

5. Verb Stem+に行いく／来くる／帰かえる Genki I: p.174

本文ほんぶん

よかったら飲のみに来きませんか。【Dialogue II: //.4】
Won't you come to drink it, if you like?

説明せつめい

If a person moves to another place in order to do something, we can describe their movement and its purpose like so:

destination of movement

に
へ

the purpose of movement
(verb stem)

に

行いく
来くる
帰かえる

The purpose of movement is a phrase consisting of a verb, its object, and so forth (some nouns like 買かい物もの can also be used). Verbs describing the purpose of movement must be in their stem forms. Stems are the part you get by removing ます from the present tense long form of verbs.
　 stems:　食たべる　　食たべ(ます)　　読よむ　　読よみ(ます)　 etc.　

デパートにかばんを買かいに行いきました。

I went to a department store to buy a bag.

メアリーさんは日本にほんに日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうしに来きました。

Mary has come to Japan to study Japanese.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

に (5)

Bunpro

～に行いく

Wiktionary

に

文型ぶんけい

destination{に/へ}V-stemに{行いく/来くる/帰かえる}

例文れいぶん

デパートに買かいい物ものに行いきました。

I went to a department store for shopping.

練習れんしゅう

6. Counting People Genki I: p.174-175

本文ほんぶん	子供こどもが一人ひとりいます。【Dialogue I: //.9】 She has one child.
説明せつめい	The counter for people in Japanese is 人にん, but "one person" and "two people" are irregular: 一人ひとり、二人ふたり. ひとり (一人) ふたり (二人) さんにん (三人) よにん (四人) ごにん (五人) ろくにん (六人) しちにん／ななにん (七人) はちにん (八人) きゅうにん (九人) じゅうにん (十人) To count people in a class, for example, you can add ～人にん after the noun and the particle が to say: 　personがX人にんいます　私わたしのクラスに(は)インドネシア人じんの学生がくせいが一人ひとりいます。 There is one Indonesian student in our class. The place expressions are often followed by には instead of に in this type of sentence.
英訳えいやく	X person/people
文型ぶんけい	a. number+人にん b. personがnumber+人にんいます
例文れいぶん	兄弟きょうだいが三人さんにんいます。 I have three siblings.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Counting People Workbook: Counting People

表現ひょうげんノート1. 遊あそぶ Genki I: p.175

説明せつめい

遊あそぶ means "to play," "to spend time pleasantly," or "to pay a social call."

子供こどもの時とき、よく友達ともだちと遊あそびました。

When I was a child, I often played with friends.

先週せんしゅうの週末しゅうまつは東京とうきょうに遊あそびに行いきました。

I went to Tokyo to have fun last weekend.

私わたしのうちに遊あそびに来きてください。

Please come and see us.

Note that "to play," as used below, requires different words.

Sports:	to play tennis	テニスをする
Games:	to play games to play cards	ゲームをするトランプをする
Music instruments:	to play the guitar	ギターを弾ひく

補足ほそく

Wiktionary

遊あそぶ

英訳えいやく

to play; have a good time; meet up (with friends)

表現ひょうげんノート2. 知しる/分わかる Genki I: p.175

説明せつめい	If you don't know the answer to a question but should have thought about it, you should say 分わかりません instead of 知しりません (see Lesson 4, Dialogue 2 for an example). 知しりません in such a context would sound rude, implying that your ignorance on the matter is none of the inquirer's business.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar 知しる分わかる Wiktionary 知しるわかる
英訳えいやく	知しる = to know 分わかる = to understand
例文れいぶん	A 明日あしたはテストがありますか。 B 分わかりません。先生せんせいに聞ききましょう。 A Is there a test tomorrow? B I'm not sure. Let's ask the teacher.

1. Short Forms Genki I: p.190-191

本文ほんぶん

メアリーさんも来くると思おもいます。【Dialogue I: //.3】
I think Mary will come, too.

説明せつめい

The "short form," also called "plain form," "informal form," etc., is another important conjugation class that is used in casual speech and certain grammar constructs. Compare the long forms and the short forms below:

Present, affirmative	long forms	short forms
verbs:	読よみます	読よむ	(=Dictionary form)
い-adjectives:	かわいいです	かわいい	(Drop です)
な-adjectives:	静しずかです	静しずかだ	(Replace です with だ)
noun+です:	学生がくせいです	学生がくせいだ	(Replace です with だ)
Present, negative	long forms	short forms
verbs:	読よみません	読よまない	(Explained below)
い-adjectives: (exception) いい:	かわいくないですよくないです	かわいくないよくない	(Drop です)
な-adjectives:	静しずかじゃないです	静しずかじゃない	(Drop です)
noun+です:	学生がくせいじゃないです	学生がくせいじゃない	(Drop です)

Ru-, u-, and irregular verbs all conjugate differently in the negative:

Verb short forms (present, negative)
ru-verbs:	Drop the final る and add ない. 食たべる　　食たべない
u-verbs:	Drop the last -u and add -anai. Verbs that end with う, however, change to わ instead of あ. 書かく　　書かかない　　会あう　　会あわない
irregular verbs:	The vowels change. する　　しない　　くる　　こない
exception:	The verb ある is totally replaced by the adjective ない (not). ある　　ない

To make conjugating easy, think of the u-verb conjugation as moving up and down in the hiragana chart. Let's take 書かく for example. The dictionary form of 書かく is the combination of the verb base in the kanji 書 and the bottom hiragana of that row, く. 書かきます is the combination of 書, き, and the ます ending on the right. 書かかない is, 書, か, and ない.

	書か	話はな	待ま	死し	読よ	作つく	泳およ	呼よ	買か
negative	か	さ	た	な	ま	ら	が	ば	わ	～ない
stem	き	し	ち	に	み	り	ぎ	び	い	～ます
affirmative	く	す	つ	ぬ	む	る	ぐ	ぶ	う	=Dictionary form

補足ほそく

Bunpro

例文れいぶん

あの犬いぬ、すごくかわいい！

That dog is so cute!

今日きょう、ベーコン食たべると思おもう。

I think I'll eat bacon today.

一緒いっしょに泳およがない？

Wanna swim (=Won't you swim) with me?

練習れんしゅう

2. Short Forms in Informal Speech Genki I: p.191-192

説明せつめい

Close friends or family members speak with each other using short forms at the end of sentences as a sign of intimacy. The use of long forms, in contrast, tends to imply the speaker's intention to "keep a proper distance" from the listener. Short forms, then, are like talking on a first-name basis, while long forms are like using "Mr." and "Ms."

(Between friends)	A 今日きょう、学校がっこうに行いく？(Short form) Are you going to school today? B ううん、行いかない。 No, I'm not.
(To a stranger)	A すみません、この電車でんしゃは新宿しんじゅくに行いきますか。(Long form) Excuse me, does this train go to Shinjuku? B いいえ、行いきませんよ。 No, it doesn't.

It may not be easy to decide when it is appropriate to switch to short forms. Firstly, Japanese speakers are often very conscious of seniority. A year's difference in age may in many cases totally rule out the possibility of establishing a truly "equal" relationship. Secondly, license to use short forms is not mutual; seniors may feel perfectly justified in using short forms while expecting their juniors to continue addressing them with long forms. Thus, if somebody who is older, say, your Japanese language professor, talks to you using short forms, they would be greatly surprised if you were to do the same.

Professor

この漢字かんじ、わかる？

Student

はい、わかります。
(×うん、わかる。)
(Long form preferred, because you are talking to somebody who is older than you)

Professor

Do you know this kanji?

Student

Yes, I do.

In casual conversations, particles are often dropped. One such particle, the question particle か, can be dropped, and rising intonation used instead to ask a question. In the written language, however, か is usually replaced with a question mark.

どんな音楽おんがくを聞きく？　　(×どんな音楽おんがくを聞きくか。)

What kind of music do you listen to?

Also, in the spoken language, you usually drop the sentence-final だ after a な-adjective or a noun. (You keep the last だ in the written language, however.)

A

元気げんき？

B

うん、元気げんき。
(Rather than: 元気げんきだ。)

A

Are you good?

B

Yeah, I'm good.

You keep だ when you follow it up with ね or よ, however.

メアリーさんは二年生にねんせいだよ。
(Rather than: メアリーさんは二年生にねんせいだ。)

Mary is a sophomore.

はい and いいえ are usually replaced by the more casual うん and ううん.

A

よくスポーツをする？

B

うん、する。／ううん、しない。

A

Do you play sports often?

B

Yeah, I do. / Nah, I don't.

例文れいぶん

マックにハンバーガー食たべに行いく？

Wanna grab some hamburgers at Mickey D's?
(=Want to go to McDonald's to eat hamburgers?)
このバーガー、めっちゃうまい！

This burger slaps!
(=This burger is really good!)
ハンバーガー大好だいすき。

I love hamburgers.

練習れんしゅう

3. Short Forms in Quoted Speech (～と思おもいます) Genki I: p.192-193

本文ほんぶん	メアリーさんも来くると思おもいます。【Dialogue I: //.3】 I think Mary will come, too. 何なにもいらないと思おもいます。【Dialogue I: //.7】 I think nothing is needed.
説明せつめい	To describe what you're thinking, you use the short form, plus と思おもいます (I think that...). と here acts as a quotation particle, which does that job of both the English word "that" in indirect quotation and of quotation marks (" ") in direct quotation. (私わたしは)たけしさんはメアリーさんが好すきだと思おもいます。 I think Takeshi likes Mary. If you want to say that you don't think something is the case, it is more common in Japanese to negate the sentence before the quotation particle ～ないと思おもいます (I think that something is not the case) rather than saying ～と思おもいません (I don't think). (私わたしは)メアリーさんはたけしさんが好すきじゃないと思おもいます。 I don't think Mary likes Takeshi. (=I think Mary doesn't like Takeshi.)
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar と (3) Bunpro と思う Wiktionary 思おもう
英訳えいやく	I think that...
文型ぶんけい	a. shortと思おもう = I think... b. short-negと思おもう = I don't think...
例文れいぶん	明日あしたは雨あめが降ふると思おもいます。 I think it's going to rain tomorrow.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Quotations (～と思います) 1 Practice: Quotations (～と思います) 2 Workbook: Quotations (～と思います)

4. Short Forms in Quoted Speech (～と言いっていました) Genki I: p.193

本文ほんぶん	ケンさんはアルバイトがあると言いっていました。【Dialogue I: //.5】 Ken said he had a part-time job. メアリーさんも来くると言いっていましたから。【Dialogue II: //.7】 Mary said that she would come.
説明せつめい	To quote what a person said, you use the short form plus と言いっていました (He/she said "..."). The tense of the original utterance is preserved in the quotation. ヤスミンさんは、あした試験しけんがあると言いっていました。 Yasmin said that there would be an exam tomorrow. 山下先生やましたは結婚けっこんしていないと言いっていました。 Professor Yamashita said that he is not married. The action in progress expression in と言いっていました indicates that you were there when somebody said that, as in "I heard them saying..." If you were not there when the utterance was made, と言いいました is more appropriate. ベンジャミン・フランクリンは準備じゅんびの失敗しっぱいは失敗しっぱいの準備じゅんびだと言いました。 Benjamin Franklin once said "By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail."
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar と (3) Wiktionary 言いう
英訳えいやく	He/she said "..."
文型ぶんけい	a. shortと{言いっていました／言いっていた} (if present during utterance) b. shortと{言いいました／言いった} (if not present during utterance)
例文れいぶん	彼女かのじょは猫ねこが好すきだと言いっていました。 My girlfriend said that she likes cats.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Quotations (～と言っていました) Workbook: Quotations (～と言っていました)

5. ～ないでください Genki I: p.194

本文ほんぶん	あっ、まだ飲まないでください。【Dialogue II: //.6】 Ah, please don't drink yet.
説明せつめい	To politely request that someone refrain from doing something, one can use a negative short form of a verb plus でください. ここで写真しゃしんを撮とらないでください。 Please don't take pictures here. 　verb (short, negative) + でください = Please don't...　ないでください is often a better response to a てもいいですか question than てはいけません due to its softer tone. てはいけません on the other hand has a harsher feel to it due to being used mainly by those in a position of authority or for prohibitory signs/rules. A この部屋へやに入はいってもいいですか。 May I enter this room? B 入はいらないでください。 Please don't. ＿＿ Compare: 入はいってはいけません。 (Implies that you are in a position of authority.)
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar ないで Bunpro ～ないでください Wiktionary ないで
英訳えいやく	Please don't...
文型ぶんけい	short-negでください
例文れいぶん	私わたしのピザを食たべないでください。 Please don't eat my pizza.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～ないでください Workbook: ～ないでください

6. Verbのが好すきです/上手じょうずです Genki I: p.194-195

本文ほんぶん

ロバートさんは料理りょうりするのが好すきですか。【Dialogue II: //.1】
Do you like cooking, Robert?

説明せつめい

The short form of a verb + の turns that verb into a noun describing an action. Combining this with ～が好すきです/～が嫌きらいです, for example, lets you describe what you like/dislike doing.

(私わたしは)日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうするのが好すきです。

I like studying the Japanese language.

(私わたしは)部屋へやを掃除そうじするのが嫌きらいです。

I dislike cleaning my room.

If you want to say that one is "good/bad at doing something," you can use ～が上手じょうずです (is good at...) and ～が下手へたです (is bad at...).

ロバートさんは料理りょうりを作つくるのが上手じょうずです。

Robert is good at cooking meals.

たけしさんは英語えいごを話はなすのが下手へたです。

Takeshi is not good at speaking English.

To describe one's skills or lack thereof ～が得意とくいです (is comfortable with...) and ～がにくいです (is uncomfortable with...) is also used.

(私わたしは)日本語にほんごを話はなすのが得意とくいです。

I am good at/comfortable with speaking Japanese.

(私わたしは)泳およぐのがにくいです。

I am bad at/uncomfortable with swimming.

To summarize:

personは

action verbのが

好すき
嫌きらい
上手じょうず
下手へた
得意とくい
にくい

です。

likes doing...
dislikes doing...
is good at doing...
is bad at doing...
is good/comfortable with...
is bad/uncomfortable with...

It is a common mistake to use the te-form of a verb in such contexts, misled by the association between ～ている and the verb in the -ing form in English.

×たけしさんは英語えいごを話はなしてが下手へたです。
×Takeshi is bad at speak English.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

の (3)

Bunpro

Wiktionary

の

英訳えいやく

～のが好すきです = likes doing...
～のが嫌きらいです = dislikes doing...
～のが上手じょうずです = is good at doing...
～のが下手へたです = is bad at doing...
～のが得意とくいです = is good/comfortable with...
～のがにくいです = is bad/uncomfortable with...

文型ぶんけい

personはaction verbのが{好すき/嫌きらい/上手じょうず/下手へた/得意とくい/にくい}です

練習れんしゅう

7. The Subject Particle が Genki I: p.195-196

本文ほんぶん	だれが来きますか。【Dialogue I: //.2】 Who will come? ソラさんとロバートさんが来きます。【Dialogue I: //.3】 Sora and Robert will come.
説明せつめい	Consider what ロバートさんは沖縄おきなわに行いきました means. This sentence of course is about Robert and describes what he did. It is likely to be uttered when the topic of Robert has already been broached. Grammatically speaking, (1) the noun ロバート stands as the subject in relation to the verb 行いく (he was the person who performed the going), and (2) the noun is, per the function of the particle は, presented as the topic of the sentence (as for Robert, he went to Okinawa). What if we both know that somebody went to Okinawa recently, and I know that it was Robert, but you don't? I would say: ロバートさんが沖縄おきなわに行いきました。 ROBERT went to Okinawa. This sentence means that Robert went to Okinawa, which in English would be uttered with an extra empasis on the name Robert, which is the new piece of information in this sentence. Questions words like 誰だれ and 何なに in the subject of a sentence are followed by が rather than は. だれが沖縄おきなわに行いきましたか。 Who went to Okinawa? Compare: ×だれは沖縄おきなわに行いきましたか。 As we learned in Lesson 2, a question word that is the subject of a sentence is never followed by the particle は, but always by the particle が (p.61). As we have seen, a noun that will provide the answer to such a question is also followed by the particle が. A どのクラスがおもしろいですか。 B 日本語にほんごのクラスがおもしろいです。 A Which class is (the most) interesting? B Japanese class is. A (このクラスで)だれがめがねをかけていますか。 B 山下先生やましたせんせいがめがねをかけています。 A Who wears glasses (in this class)? B Professor Yamashita does.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar が (1) Bunpro が Wiktionary が
文型ぶんけい	{QW/subject/new information}が～
練習れんしゅう	Practice: が Workbook: が・何か and 何も

8. 何なにか and 何なにも Genki I: p.196

本文ほんぶん

何なにか持もっていきましょうか。【Dialogue I: //.6】
Shall I bring something?
何もいらないと思います。【Dialogue I: //.7】
I think nothing is needed.

説明せつめい

The word for "something" in Japanese is 何なにか, and the word for "anything" in negative sentences is 何なにも.

"Some" and "any" in
• positive statements:	何なにか	something
• questions:	何なにか	anything?
• negative statements:	何なにも + negative	not...anything

When 何なにか and 何なにも are used in places where the particle は, が, and を are expected, they are often used on their own, replacing those particles. See どこかに/どこにも for what to do in cases where particles other than these are expected.

補足ほそく

Bunpro

何なにか・何なにも

Wiktionary

英訳えいやく

何なにか = something; anything (questions)
何なにも+negative = (not) anything; nothing

文型ぶんけい

a. 何か～
b. 何も～{～ません/～ない}

例文れいぶん

猫ねこが何なにか持もってきました。

The cat has brought something in.
猫ねこは何なにか食たべましたか。

Has the cat eaten anything?
いいえ、猫ねこは何なにも食たべませんでした。

No, the cat has not eaten anything.

練習れんしゅう

表現ひょうげんノート1. ～する Genki I: p.197

本文ほんぶん

ロバートさんは料理りょうりするのが好すきですか。【Dialogue II: //.1】
Do you like cooking, Robert?

説明せつめい

Most irregular verbs are compounds of nouns and the verb する. So, if you have learned an irregular verb, you have also learned a noun. These types of nouns are often referred to as "Verbal Nouns," as they can be used to describe an action when used with する.

verbs	nouns	example sentences
勉強べんきょうする to study	勉強べんきょう study	日本語にほんごの勉強べんきょうは楽たのしいです Japanese language study is fun.
料理りょうりする to cook	料理りょうり cooking	ロバートさんの料理りょうりはおいしいです。 Robert's cooking is good.

Some of these nouns can be used as the "object" of the verb する.

私わたしは日本語にほんごの勉強べんきょうをしました。
　Compare: 私わたしは日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうしました。

I studied Japanese.

たけしさんは部屋へやの掃除そうじをしました。
　Compare: たけしさんは部屋へやを掃除そうじしました。

Takeshi cleaned his room.

You can use both these nouns and their する verbs in sentences with 好すきです and 嫌きらいです, for example. You simply need to add の to the end of the verb before が, as discussed in Grammar 6. Pay attention to the particles before these words, too.

日本語にほんごの勉強べんきょうが好すきです。／日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうするのが好すきです。
I like studying Japanese.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

する (1)

Bunpro

する

Wiktionary

する

英訳えいやく

verbalizing suffix

文型ぶんけい

VN+する

表現ひょうげんノート2. 遅おそい/遅おそく Genki I: p.197

本文ほんぶん	遅おそくなってすみません。【Dialogue II: //.8】 I'm sorry for being late.
説明せつめい	Although both 遅おそい and 遅おそく mean "late," they have different usages, since 遅おそい is an adjective and 遅おそく is an adverb. 遅おそい modifies nouns or works as a predicate, and 遅おそく modifies verbs. A きのう一時いちじに寝ねました。 B 遅おそいですね。 A I went to bed at one o'clock yesterday. B It's late. 週末しゅうまつには、十時じゅうじごろ起おきて、遅おそい朝あさご飯はんを食たべます。 On weekends, I get up around 10:00 and eat a late breakfast. きのう、遅おそく寝ねました。 I went to bed late yesterday. This rule can also be applied to 早はやい/早はやく.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary おそい早はやい
英訳えいやく	遅おそい = late; slow 早はやい = early; fast
文型ぶんけい	a. {遅おそい/早はやい}+{N/です} b. {遅おそく/早はやく}+V

1. Past Tense Short Forms Genki I: p.214

本文ほんぶん

かぶきのチケットを二枚にまいもらったから、見みに行いきませんか。【Dialogue I: //.4】
I got two tickets for Kabuki, so would you like to go to see it?

説明せつめい

The past tense short form has eight forms, but you only need to learn three rules.

Verbs: Replace the te-form endings て and で with た and だ.
い-adjectives: Replace the last い with かった. You may also think of this in terms of "dropping です from the long form."
な-adjectives: Replace the long form でした ending with だった.

Negation: ない conjugates as an い-adjective. Therefore, for all categories, you replace the last ない with なかった.

Past, affirmative		compare with:
verbs:	食たべた読よんだ	食たべて読よんで
い-adjectives:	かわいかった	かわいい／かわいかったです
な-adjectives:	静しずかだった	静しずかでした
noun+です:	学生がくせいだった	学生がくせいでした
Past, negative		compare with:
verbs:	読よまなかった	読よまない
い-adjectives:	かわいくなかった	かわいくない
な-adjectives:	静しずかじゃなかった	静しずかじゃない
noun+です:	学生がくせいじゃなかった	学生がくせいじゃない

補足ほそく

Bunpro

例文れいぶん

この映画えいが、最高さいこうだった。

This movie was the best.
ごめん、私わたしはメアリーの弁当べんとう食たべた。

Sorry, I'm the one who ate Mary's bento.
そのゲーム、全然ぜんぜん楽たのしくなかった。

That game wasn't fun at all.

練習れんしゅう

2. Past Tense Short Forms in Informal Speech Genki I: p.214-215

説明せつめい	Short form predicates in the past tense can be used in the same way as the present tense forms. Note that the question particle か is dropped in informal speech and replaced by a question mark in the written language. A けさ、朝あさご飯はんを食たべた？ B うん、食たべた／ううん、食たべなかった。 A Did you have breakfast this morning? B Yeah, I did. / Nah, I didn't. Unlike だ in the present tense, だった is not dropped in informal speech. A 先週せんしゅうは忙いそがしかった？ B ううん、忙いそがしくなかった。ひまだった。 A Were you busy last week? B Nah, I wasn't. I had time to kill. (=I had free time.)
例文れいぶん	昨日きのう、マックにハンバーガー食たべに行いった。 I went to Mickey D's to eat some hamburgers yesterday. このアニメ、すごく面白おもしろかった。 This anime was really funny. 子供こどもの時とき、魚さかな嫌きらいだった。 I used to dislike fish when I was a kid.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Informal Speech (Past Tense Verbs) Practice: Informal Speech (Past Tense Adjectives/Nouns) Workbook: Past Tense Short Forms (Informal Speech)

3. Past Tense Short Forms in Quoted Speech (～と思おもいます) Genki I: p.215

説明せつめい	As in the present tense, you use the short form in the past tense with ～と思おもいます (I think) to report what you think took place in the past.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar と (3) Bunpro と思おもう Wiktionary 思おもう
英訳えいやく	I think that...
文型ぶんけい	a. short-pastと思おもう = I think... b. short-neg-pastと思おもう = I don't think...
例文れいぶん	A あ、私わたしのとんかつがない！ B トムさんが食たべたと思おもいます。 A Hey, my pork cutlet is gone! B I think Tom ate it. 去年きょねんの冬ふゆはあまり寒さむくなかったと思おもいます。 I don't think last winter was very cold. (=I think last winter was not very cold.)
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Quotations (～と思います) Workbook: Quotations (～と思います)

4. Past Tense Short Forms in Quoted Speech (～と言いっていました) Genki I: p.215-216

本文ほんぶん	でも、ロバートさんはおもしろかったと言いっていました。【Dialogue I: //.3】 But Robert said it was interesting.
説明せつめい	If you heard somebody utter a sentence in the past tense, you can report it with the short form past tense with ～と言いっていました. ヤスミンさんは、昼ひるご飯はんを食たべなかったと言いっていました。 Yasmin said that she didn't eat lunch. Note that Japanese does not have the "sequence of tense" rule, and the tense of the original utterance is preserved when it is reported. If you are reporting somebody's utterance in which the present tense is used, you must also use the present tense inside the quote. Thus, if your friend Yasmin said 今いま、晩ばんご飯はんを食たべています, using the present tense, your report will have 晩ばんご飯はんを食たべている in the present tense, rather than 晩ばんご飯はんを食たべていた in the past tense. ヤスミンさんは晩ばんご飯はんを食たべていると言いっていました。 Yasmin said that she was having dinner.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar と (3) Wiktionary 言いう
英訳えいやく	He/She said "..."
文型ぶんけい	a. short-pastと{言いっていました／言いっていた} (if present during utterance) b. short-pastと{言いいました／言いった} (if not present during utterance)
例文れいぶん	妹いもうとはもう夏なつの宿題しゅくだい終わったと言っていました。 My little sister said that she had already finished her summer homework. 友達ともだちは風邪かぜをひいたから大阪おおさかで会あいに行いかなかったと言いっていました。 My friend said that he couldn't come to meet me in Osaka, because he caught a cold.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Quotations (～と言っていました) Workbook: Quotations (～と言っていました)

5. Qualifying Nouns with Verbs and Adjectives Genki I: p.216

本文ほんぶん

出でている人ひとはみんな男おとこの人ひとですよ。【Dialogue II: //.2】
The people who appear are all men.

説明せつめい

The following table shows various forms of noun modification. The phrases in the left qualify (or "describe") the noun 人ひと (person) to the right. Example 1 is a straightforward adjectival modification. Example 2 contains a phrase describing a person's attribute (Lesson 7), and Example 3 has a な-adjective with a grammatical object (Lesson 5). Example 4 has a verb in the short form (Lesson 8).

	adjectives and verbs used as qualifiers	noun
Example 1.	おもしろい	人ひと	a person who is interesting
Example 2.	髪かみが長ながい	人ひと	a person who has long hair
Example 3.	猫ねこが好すきな	人ひと	a person who likes cats
Example 4.	めがねをかけている	人ひと	a person who wears glasses

Here we focus on a verb + ている, which is very frequently used as noun modifiers, describing people on the basis of their current actions and states.

A

ゆいさんはどの人ひとですか。

B

あそこで本ほんを読よんでいる人ひとです。

A

Which person is Yui?

B

The person who is reading a book over there.

あそこで写真しゃしんを撮とっている学生がくせいはロバートさんです。

The student taking pictures over there is Robert.

Short forms other than ている can also be used for noun modification, as in 毎日まいにち運動うんどうする人ひと (a person who exercises every day) and たばこを吸すわない人ひと (a person who doesn't smoke). See Lesson 15 for a wider range of verb forms used in noun modification.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

Relative Clause (Japanese Grammar)

Wiktionary

Relative Clause (English Grammar)

文型ぶんけい

{adjective/verb/sentence}+noun

例文れいぶん

あの箱はこで寝ねている猫ねこがいます。

There's a cat sleeping in that box.
あそこで絵えを描かいている女おんなが綺麗きれいです。

The woman who is drawing over there is pretty.

練習れんしゅう

6. もう～ました and まだ～ていません Genki I: p.217

本文ほんぶん	ところで、もう昼ひるご飯はんを食たべましたか。【Dialogue II: //.4】 By the way, did you already eat? いいえ、まだ食たべていません。【Dialogue II: //.5】 No, I haven't eaten yet.
説明せつめい	You can use the affirmative past tense of a verb ～ました both (1) to talk about an event that happened at a certain time in the past (きのう, yesterday, for example), just like did in English, and also (2) to talk about a past event that still has an effect at present, just like have done in English (used with adverbs like もう, already, for example). (1) きのう宿題しゅくだいをしました。 I did the homework yesterday. (2) もう宿題しゅくだいをしました。 I have already done the homework. With the negative, the past is used only to talk about a finished time period like きのう, but ている is used if your intention is to talk about how things stand now ("not yet"). (1) きのう宿題しゅくだいをしませんでした。 I did not do the homework yesterday. (2) まだ宿題しゅくだいをしていません。 I have not done the homework yet.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar もうまだ Bunpro もうまだまだ～ていません Wiktionary もうまだ
英訳えいやく	もう～ました = have already... まだ～ていません = have not...yet
文型ぶんけい	a. もう～ました b. まだ～ていません
練習れんしゅう	Practice: もう～ました／まだ～ていません Workbook: もう～ました／まだ～ていません

7. Explanationから、Situation Genki I: p.217-218

本文ほんぶん	かぶきのチケットを二枚にまいもらったから、見みに行いきませんか。【Dialogue I: //.4】 I got two tickets for Kabuki, so would you like to go to see it?
説明せつめい	In Lesson 6, we learned how to say "because" by adding ～から to the end of a sentence. 朝あさご飯はんを食たべませんでした。忙いそがしかったですから。 I didn't have breakfast. (Because) I was busy. You can put these two sentences into one, by moving the "explanation+から" sequence to the beginning of a sentence for which the explanation is offered. The resulting order of elements resembles that of a "therefore" sentence more closely than that of a "because" sentence in English. explanationから、situation。　　=situation, because explanation. 　　=explanation; therefore, situation. あした試験しけんがあるから、今晩こんばん勉強べんきょうします。 I will study this evening, because we will have an exam tomorrow. (=We will have an exam tomorrow; therefore, I will study this evening.) 寒さむかったから、出でかけませんでした。 We didn't go out, because it was cold. (=It was cold; therefore, we didn't go out.) Before the conjunction から, you find both the long and short forms. Thus the から clauses in the above examples can be rewritten as あした試験しけんがありますから and 寒さむかったですから. The long form before から is more polite, and is frequently found in request and suggestion sentences. かぶきのチケットがありますから、一緒いっしょに見みに行いきましょう。 Let's go to see Kabuki. I have tickets. It is inappropriate when the entire sentence ends in a short form, but the long form is used before から, however. ×寒さむかったですから、出でかけなかった。
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar から (3) Bunpro から Wiktionary から
英訳えいやく	because; since
文型ぶんけい	explanationから、situation
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～から Workbook: ～から

1. Comparison between Two Items (AのほうがBより) Genki I: p.234

本文ほんぶん	北海道ほっかいどうと九州きゅうしゅうとどっちのほうがいいと思おもいますか。【Dialogue I: //.5】 Which do you think is better, Hokkaido or Kyushu? 冬ふゆは北海道ほっかいどうのほうがおもしろいと思おもいます。【Dialogue I: //.6】 I think Hokkaido is more interesting during winter.
説明せつめい	In Japanese, adjectives do not change form in comparative sentences; there is no alteration as in "great/greater." You can express the idea of comparison by framing a sentence like so: 　Aのほうが Bより (property)。　=　 A is more (property) than B.　中国ちゅうごくのほうが日本にほんより大おおきいです。 China is larger than Japan. In real life, the phrases Aのほうが and Bより often appear in the reverse order, making it very easy to be misled into believing the opposite of what is actually said. Don't rely on the word order to decide which item is claimed to be superior. Instead, listen carefully for the words のほうが and より. If you want to ask a question comparing two items, you can say: 　AとBと　{どちら／どっち}のほうが (property)。　　　　　 = Between A and B, which is more (property)?　 So a typical exchange looks like this: A 日本にほんとカナダとどちらのほうが寒さむいですか。 B カナダのほうが寒さむいです。 A Which is colder, Japan or Canada? B Canada is colder. In place of どちらのほう and どっちのほう, you can also use どちら and どっち. Any one of these can be used in question sentences seeking comparisons between two items. どっち and どっちのほう are slightly more casual than どちら and どちらのほう. 日本にほんとカナダとどちらが寒さむいですか。 Which is colder, Japan or Canada?
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar ほうが～よりより (1) Bunpro より～の方ほうがよりと～と、どちらが Wiktionary 方ほうよりどちら
英訳えいやく	Xのほうが… = X is more... より = than どちら／どっち = which one
文型ぶんけい	a. AのほうがBよりproperty。 = A is more (property) than B.　 b. AとBと{どちら／どっち}のほうがproperty。 = Between A and B, which is more (property)?
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Comparison between Two Items Workbook: Comparison between Two Items

2. Comparison among Three or More Items (～の中なかで) Genki I: p.234-235

説明せつめい	In comparison among three or more items, the degree qualifier 一番いちばん is used. 　AとBとCの中なかでAが一番いちばん(property)。　　　　　　　= A is the most (property) among (the group of items).　 A カナダとフランスと日本にほんの中なかで、どこが一番いちばん寒さむいですか。 B カナダが一番いちばん寒さむいと思おもいます。 A Among Canada, France, and Japan, which country has the coldest climate? B Canada is the coldest, I think. A 季節きせつの中なかでいつが一番いちばん好すきですか。 B 秋あきが一番いちばん好すきです。 A What season do you like best? B I like fall the most. Note that the words のほう and どっち are not used in statements of comparison among three or more items. Normal question words like だれ, どれ, 何なに, and どこ are used instead. In general, どれ is used when a list of items is presented and 何なに when a group is referred to collectively. Compare: りんごとみかんとさくらんぼの中なかで、どれが一番いちばん好すきですか。 Which do you like best, apples, tangerines, or cherries? 果物くだものの中なかで、何なにが一番いちばん好すきですか。 What fruit do you like best?
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar 一番いちばん Bunpro の中なかで～が一番いちばんの中なかで Wiktionary なか一番いちばん
英訳えいやく	～の中で = among...; out of... 一番いちばん = the best; the most
文型ぶんけい	a. AとBとCの中なかで{A/B/C}が一番いちばんproperty。= {A/B/C} is the most (property) [among (the group of items)]. b. AとBとCの中なかでQWが一番いちばんpropertyですか。= Among A, B, and C, {what/which/who/etc.} is the most (property)?
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Comparison among Three or More Items Workbook: Comparison among Three or More Items

3. Adjective/Noun+の Genki I: p.235-236

本文ほんぶん	ツアーの予約よやくをお願ねがいします。【Dialogue II: //.7】 I would like to reserve the tour. 土曜日どようびのをお願ねがいします。【Dialogue II: //.8】 The Saturday tour please.
説明せつめい	When a noun follows an adjective, and when it's clear what you are referring to, you can replace the noun with the indefinite noun の, "one," to avoid repetition. の mostly stands for things; not people. 私わたしは黒くろいセーターを持もっています。赤あかいのも持もっています。(の＝セーター) I have a black sweater. I have a red one, too. (one=sweater) ケーキがたくさんあります。好すきなのを持もっています。(の=ケーキ) I have a lot of cakes. Take the ones you like. (one=cake) When you want to refer indefinitely to people, use 人ひと instead of の, as in 頭あたまがいい人ひと "smart people." The use of の to indicate people is largely limited to sentences like あそこで歌うたっているのは田中たなかさんです (The one who is singing over there is Tanaka.), where you describe a person with ～のは first, and then name that person with ～です. 　{い/な}-adjective + noun　　{い/な}-adjective + の　 You can also use の in the sense of "mine," "yours," and so forth, referring to things owned by a person, or characterized by a place name, for example. A これはソラさんのかばんですか。 B いいえ、それはメアリーさんのです。 A Is this Sora's bag? B No, that is Mary's. アメリカの車くるまのほうが日本にほんのより大おおきいです。 American cars are larger than Japanese ones. 　noun1のnoun2　　noun1の
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar の (2) Bunpro の (Possessive use)
英訳えいやく	{adjective/noun}の = one (i.e., red one, that one, etc.) personの = mine; yours; 's (indicates possessive)
文型ぶんけい	{adjective/noun}+の
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Adjective/Noun + の 1 Practice: Adjective/Noun + の 2 Workbook: Adjective/Noun + の

4. ～つもりだ Genki I: p.236

本文ほんぶん	北海道ほっかいどうか九州きゅうしゅうに行いくつもりですが、まだ決きめていません。【Dialogue I: //.3】 I am planning to go to Hokkaido or Kyushu, but I haven't decided yet.
説明せつめい	つもり follows verbs in the present tense short forms to describe what a person is planning to do in the future. You can also use a verb in the negative plus つもり to describe what you are planning not to do, or what you do not intend to do. 　verb (short, present) + つもりだ　=　(I) intend to do...　 (私わたしは)週末しゅうまつにたけしさんとテニスをするつもりです。 I intend to play tennis with Takeshi this weekend. 山下先生やましたせんせいはあした大学だいがくに来こないつもりです。 Professor Yamashita does not intend to come to school tomorrow. You can also use the past tense to talk about your original intention, which did not materialize. お寺てらを見みに行いくつもりでしたが、天気てんきがよくなかったから、行いきませんでした。 We were planning to visit a temple, but we didn't, because the weather was not good.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar つもり Bunpro つもりだ Wiktionary つもり
英訳えいやく	(I) intend/plan to...
文型ぶんけい	short+つもり{だ/です}
例文れいぶん	毎日まいにち日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうするつもりです。 I plan to study Japanese every day.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～つもりだ Workbook: ～つもりだ

5. Adjective+なる Genki I: p.236-237

本文ほんぶん

寒さむくなりましたね。【Dialogue I: //.1】
It is getting cold.

説明せつめい

The verb なる means "to become," indicating a change. なる follows nouns and both types of adjectives.

い-adjectives:	暖あたたかい	暖あたたかくなる	to become warm/warmer
な-adjectives:	静しずかか(な)	静しずかかになる	to become quiet/quieter
nouns:	会社員かいしゃいん	会社員かいしゃいんになる	to become a company employee

日本語にほんごの勉強べんきょうが楽たのしくなりました。

Studying the Japanese language is fun now (though it was like torture before).

日本語にほんごの勉強べんきょうが好すきになりました。

I have grown fond of studying the Japanese language.

With い-adjectives, the final い is dropped and く is added, just like in their negative conjugations. A common mistake is to use the な-adjectives patten になる for い-adjectives and say, for example, ×暖あたたかいになる.

When you use an adjective with なる, you may be describing an absolute change (e.g., "it has become warm, hence it is not cold any more") or a relative change (e.g., "it has become warmer, but it is still cold"). If you want to make clear that you are talking in relative terms, you can use the pattern for comparison together with なる.

メアリーさんは前まえより日本語にほんごが上手じょうずになりました。

Mary has become better at Japanese than before.

補足ほそく

Bunpro

になる・くなる

Wiktionary

なる

英訳えいやく

to become...; to get...

文型ぶんけい

a. A-stem+くなる
b. {ANa/N}+になる

例文れいぶん

子供こどもが好すきだから、先生せんせいになります。

I will become a teacher, because I like children.

練習れんしゅう

6. どこかに/どこにも Genki I: p.237

本文ほんぶん

ところで、たけしさんはどこかに行いきますか。【Dialogue I: //.8】
By the way, are you going somewhere, Takeshi?
お金かねがないから、どこにも行いきません。【Dialogue I: //.9】
I don't have money, so I won't go anywhere.

説明せつめい

In Lesson 8 we learned the Japanese expressions for "something" and "not...anything," 何なにか and 何なにも. As you must have noticed, these expressions are made up of the question word for things, 何なに, plus the particle か and も. Other expressions for "some" and "any" in Japanese follow this pattern, as shown below.

何なにか　　　something	だれか　　someone	どこか　　somewhere
何なに　も　　not anything	だれ　も　not anyone	どこ　も　not anywhere

As previously noted in Lesson 8, you do not need the particles は, が, or を with these words. You do need other particles, such as に, へ, and で, however. These particles appear in the places shown with the underlines above.

A

どこかへ行いきましたか。

B

いいえ、どこへも行いきませんでした。

A

Did you go anywhere?

B

No, I didn't go anywhere.

A

だれかに会あいましたか。

B

いいえ、だれにも会あいませんでした。

A

Did you see anybody?

B

No, I didn't see anybody.

A

何なにかしましたか。

B

いいえ、何なにもしませんでした。
　　　　　(を is not used.)

A

Did you do anything?

B

No, I didn't do anything.

補足ほそく

Bunpro

誰だれか・どこか・誰だれも・どこも

Wiktionary

どこか

英訳えいやく

どこか = somewhere; anywhere
どこにも+negative = nowhere; not anywhere

文型ぶんけい

a. どこか～
b. どこにも～{～ません/～ない}

練習れんしゅう

7. で Genki I: p.238

本文ほんぶん	電車でんしゃとバスで二時間にじかん半はんぐらいです。【Dialogue II: //.2】 It will take about two and a half hours by train and bus.
説明せつめい	The particle で can be used to describe the means by which someone/something does something. はしでご飯はんを食たべます。 We eat our meals with chopsticks. 日本語にほんごで話はなしましょう。 Let's talk in Japanese. バスで駅えきまで行いきました。 I went to the station by bus. テレビで映画えいがを見みました。 I saw a movie on TV.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar で (2) Bunpro で (With, By) Wiktionary で
英訳えいやく	by; with; in; on
文型ぶんけい	Nで{V/S}
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～で行きます Workbook: どこかに／どこにも・～で行きます

表現ひょうげんノート1. ～てくる Genki I: p.238

本文ほんぶん	じゃあ、たけしさんにおみやげを買かってきますよ。【Dialogue I: //.10】 Then I'll go buy a souvenir for you.
説明せつめい	In the dialogue, Mary tells Takeshi that she will get a souvenir for him during her trip to Hokkaido. You can use the te-form of a verb (買かって in this example) + くる to describe an action performed somewhere else, followed by a movement back to your current location.
補足ほそく	Bunpro ～てくる
英訳えいやく	to do ... and come back
文型ぶんけい	～てくる
例文れいぶん	見みてきます。 I'll go take a look.

表現ひょうげんノート2. ～が/～けど Genki I: p.238

本文ほんぶん	土曜日どようびと日曜日にちようびはバスツアーがありますが……。【Dialogue II: //.4】 There are bus tours on Saturday and Sunday.
説明せつめい	が and けど (but) are sometimes used at the end of a sentence when we want who we're speaking to, to treat what we have just said as a given, common ground to build upon. These words often indicate the speaker's intention to give his/her partner a chance to react and respond. By relegating the right to speak to another, he/she also contributes to the politeness of one's utterance. In the dialogue, the hotel employee lays out the relevant information on the table; there are two tours, one on Saturday and another on Sunday. が attached to her sentence indicates that she wants to build upon, and move forward with, these pieces of information. Instead of asking the obvious question, namely, どちらがいいですか, the hotel employee chooses not to finish her sentence, and lets her customer come forward with an answer immediately.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar が (2) けれども Bunpro けどけれども Wiktionary がけれども
英訳えいやく	but...
文型ぶんけい	S+{が/けど}
例文れいぶん	A 買かいたいですが…。 B お金かねがないよね？じゃあ、買かってあげるわ。 A I'd like to buy it, but... B You've got no money, right? I'll buy it for you, then.

1. ～たい Genki I: p.258-263

本文ほんぶん

私わたしも旅行りょうこうしたいです。【Dialogue I: //.4】
I want to travel, too.

説明せつめい

You can use the stem of a verb (the verb form that goes before ます) + たいです to describe your hope or aspiration.

今度こんどの週末しゅうまつは、映画えいが{を/が}見みたいです。

I want to see a film this weekend.

いつか中国ちゅうごくに行いきたいです。

I want to go to China someday.

　verb stem + たいです = I want to do...　
As you can see in the first example above, a verb that usually takes the particle を can have either the particle を or が when it is followed by たい. Particles other than を remain the same, as in the second example, which has に.

たい conjugates as an い-adjective. Here are some examples of negative and past tense たい sentences.

あの人ひとには会あいたくないです。

I don't want to see that person.

お弁当べんとうが買かいたかったから、コンビニに行いきました。

I went to a convenience store, because I wanted to buy a boxed lunch.

If your wish is one you have held for some time, that is, if you "have wanted to," you can use たいと思おもっています instead of たいです.

留学りゅうがくしたいと思おもっています。

I've wanted to study abroad.

You usually do not use たいです to describe wishes held by others. Somebody else's wishes are usually reported in Japanese either as quotations, observations, or guesses. So if you want to say that somebody other than you wants to do something, you can use と言いっていました with たい.

メアリーさんはチベットに行いきたいと言いっていました。

Mary said she wanted to go to Tibet.

To describe your observation to the effect that somebody wants to do something, you must use a special verb たがっている instead of たい. If a verb takes the particle を, the derived verb たがっている will retain を, unlike たい, with which we had a choice between the particles が and を.

メアリーさんは着物きものを着きたがっています。

(It seems) Mary wants to wear a kimono.

The verb たがっている, which comes from the dictionary form たがる, indicates "I think that she wants to, because of the way she is behaving." See ほしい to learn more about this type of sentence.

To summarize:

I want to.../Do you want to...?	He/She wants to...
verb stem + たいですたい conjugates as an い-adjective takes が or を for the direct object	verb stem + たがっていますたがる conjugates as an u-verb takes を only

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

たい

Bunpro

たい

Wiktionary

たい

英訳えいやく

～たい = I want to...; Do you want to...? (when used in questions)
～たがっている = He/She wants to...

文型ぶんけい

a. V-stem+たい
b. V-stem+たがっている

例文れいぶん

今日きょうは何なに{を/が}食たべたいですか。

What do you want to eat today?

練習れんしゅう

2. ～たり～たりする Genki I: p.259-260

本文ほんぶん	北海道ほっかいどうで動物園どうぶつえんに行いったり、買かい物ものをしたりしました。【Dialogue I: //.2-3】 I went to the zoo, did shopping and things like that in Hokkaido.
説明せつめい	You already know that you can connect two clauses with the te-form of predicates, as in: 大阪おおさかで買かい物ものをして、晩ばんご飯はんを食たべます。 In Osaka, I will do some shopping and eat dinner. This sentence, however, tends to suggest that shopping and dining are the only activities you plan to perform in Osaka and that those two activities will be done in that order. If you want to avoid such implications and want to mention activities or events just as examples, and in no set order, you can use the special predicate form ～たり～たりする. 大阪おおさかで買かい物ものをしたり、晩ばんご飯はんを食たべたりします。 In Osaka, I will do such things as shopping and eating dinner. 　verb (short, past) + り、verb (short, past) + り + (する) = do such things as this and that　 To get the たり form of a predicate (したり and 食たべたり in the example above), you just add り to the past tense short form of a predicate (した and 食たべた). The helping verb する at the end of the sentence indicates the tense of the sentence. You can change a ～たり～たりする sentence into the past tense, or incorporate it into a bigger sentence, by working on the helping verb part. 週末しゅうまつは、勉強べんきょうしたり、友達ともだちと話はなしたりしました。 I studied and talked with my friends, among other things, over the weekend. 踊おどったり、音楽おんがくを聞きいたりするのが好すきです。 I like dancing, listening to music, and so forth. If ～たり～たりする does not come at the end of the sentence and the predicate is an adjective, する can be omitted. 歌うたったり踊おどったり(して)とても楽たのしかったです。 We did things like singing and dancing, and it was a lot of fun. If the predicate is a verb, however, する cannot be omitted.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar たり～たりする Bunpro たり～たりする Wiktionary たり
英訳えいやく	do such things as ~ and ~; do things like ~ and ~; sometimes ~ and sometimes ~
文型ぶんけい	short-past+り、short-past+り(する)
例文れいぶん	明日あした、雨あめが降ふったり止やんだりします。 It will rain on and off tomorrow.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～たり～たりする Workbook: ～たり～たりする

3. ～ことがある Genki I: p.260

本文ほんぶん	ゆいさんはケアンズに行いったことがありますか。【Dialogue III: //.4】 Have you ever been to Cairns, Yui?
説明せつめい	The past tense short form of a verb + ことがある describes that you did something, or something happened, in earlier times. 富士山ふじさんに登のぼったことがあります。 I have had the experience of climbing Mt. Fuji. たけしさんは授業じゅぎょうを休やすんだことがありません。 Takeshi has never been absent from classes (in his life). 　verb (short, past, affirmative) + ことがある = have the experience of...　 If somebody asks you a question using ことがありますか, you can just say あります/ありません or repeat the whole verbal complex (行いったことがあります/行いったことがありません), but not ことがあります without a verb. A ヨーロッパに行いったことがありますか。 B はい、あります。 (×はい、ことがあります。) A Have you ever been to Europe? B Yes, I have.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar ことがある (1) Bunpro ～たことがある Wiktionary こと (See Noun 3)
英訳えいやく	I have.../have you...?; have had the experience of...; there was a time when...
文型ぶんけい	short-past-affirmative+ことがある
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～ことがある Workbook: ～ことがある

4. Noun AやNoun B Genki I: p.261

本文ほんぶん	山やまや海うみがあって、きれいな所ところですよ。【Dialogue III: //.6】 It has mountains and the ocean and is a beautiful place.
説明せつめい	や connects two nouns, as does と. や suggests that the things referred to are proposed as examples, and that you are not citing an exhaustive list in much the same way that たり in Grammar 2 suggests that the two verbs are used as examples. 　AやB = A and B, for example　京都きょうとや奈良ならに行いきました。 I went to Kyoto and Nara (for example, and may have visited other places as well).
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar や Bunpro や Wiktionary や
英訳えいやく	and (for example); such things as...
文型ぶんけい	N1やN2
例文れいぶん	日本にほんに行いって寿司すしやラーメンを食たべました。 I went to Japan and ate sushi and ramen.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Noun A や Noun B Workbook: Noun A や Noun B

表現ひょうげんノート1. は+negative Genki I: p.262

説明せつめい	In negative sentences, you often find the particle は where you would expect to see が or を. Observe the reply sentences in the dialogues below: Q 山下先生やましたせんせいはテレビを見みますか。 A いいえ、テレビは見みません。 Q Do you watch TV, Professor Yamashita? A No, I don't. Q コーヒーが好すきですか。 A いいえ、コーヒーは好すきじゃないです。 Q Do you like coffee? A No, I don't. を and が, respectively, would not be ungrammatical in the above examples. Many Japanese speakers, however, find the は versions to feel more natural. In the case of the second example, it can add emphasis on what comes before. That is, one may dislike コーヒー specifically, but enjoy other types of beverages. The rule of thumb is that negative Japanese sentences tend to contain at least one は phrase. If you add 私わたしは to the sentences above, the need for は is already fullfilled, and therefore Japanese speakers feel much less compelled to use は after テレビ and コーヒー. は may also follow particles like で and に. 英語えいごでは話はなしたくないです。 I don't want to speak in English. 広島ひろしまには行いったことがありません。 I have never been to Hiroshima.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar は (1) Wiktionary は
英訳えいやく	adds emphasis
文型ぶんけい	は～negative

表現ひょうげんノート2. だけ Genki I: p.262

本文ほんぶん	一日いちにちだけドライブに行いきましたが、毎日まいにちアルバイトをしていました。【Dialogue I: //.6-7】 I went for a drive just for one day, but I was working part-time every day.
説明せつめい	You can add だけ to numbers to talk about having just (or "only") that many items. だけ implies that you have something up to the amount needed, but not more than that. 私わたしはその人ひとに一回いっかいだけ会あったことがあります。 I have met that person just once. 一ひとつだけ質問しつもんがあります。 I have just one question. 三十分さんじゅっぷんだけ寝ねました。 I slept for just thirty minutes. だけ suggests that you can live with that few, though the number admittedly could have been higher. There is also another similar word introduced in Lesson 14, しか, which means "only" in the sense that you do not have enough of something.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar だけ Bunpro だけ Wiktionary だけ
英訳えいやく	just; only
文型ぶんけい	numberだけ

表現ひょうげんノート3. に Genki I: p.262

説明せつめい	The particle に can be used to indicate the occasion on which you do something. 晩ばんご飯はんにサラダを食たべました。 I ate salad at dinner. に can also indicate the role you want something to play. おみやげに絵葉書えはがきを買かいました。 I bought a postcard as a souvenir.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar に (1) Bunpro に Wiktionary に
英訳えいやく	at; on; as
文型ぶんけい	a. Nに～ = ...at; ...on b. N1にN2 = N2 as N1

表現ひょうげんノート4. ドライブ Genki I: p.263

本文ほんぶん	一日いちにちだけドライブに行いきましたが、毎日まいにちアルバイトをしていました。【Dialogue I: //.6-7】 I went for a drive just for one day, but I was working part-time every day.
説明せつめい	ドライブ is used when you go somewhere by car for pleasure. To say "to have a drive" or "to go for a drive," use ドライブに行いく or ドライブする. 湖みずうみまでドライブ{に行いきました/しました}。 I went for a drive to the lake. When you simply want to say "to drive a car" (not necessarily for pleasure), use 運転うんてんする instead. 日本にほんで車くるまを運転うんてんしたことがありますか。 Have you ever driven a car in Japan?
補足ほそく	Wiktionary ドライブ
英訳えいやく	to (go for a) drive
文型ぶんけい	ドライブ{に行いく/する}

表現ひょうげんノート5. 夢ゆめ Genki I: p.263

説明せつめい	夢ゆめ, like the English word "dream," has two meanings. One is the dream you have while sleeping and the other is the dream that you wish would come true. To say "I have a dream," in Japanese, you use the verb 見みる for sleeping dreams, and 持もっている or ある for your visions/aspirations.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary 夢ゆめ
英訳えいやく	夢ゆめ = dream 夢ゆめを見みる = to dream; have a dream (of sleep) 夢ゆめを持もっている/夢ゆめがある = to have a dream (of aspiration)
例文れいぶん	昨日きのうの夜よる、こわい夢ゆめを見みました。 I had a scary dream last night. 夢ゆめを持もっています/夢ゆめがあります。 I have a dream. あなたの将来しょうらいの夢ゆめは何なんですか。 What is your future dream?

表現ひょうげんノート6. には Genki I: p.263

説明せつめい

The particle は often follows the particle に in sentences describing a place in terms of the things that are found there.

(1) 東京とうきょうにはデパートがたくさんあります。
(2) 東京とうきょうにデパートがたくさんあります。

There are many department stores in Tokyo.

There is a subtle difference between the two sentences. The first sentence is about the places: they answer questions (either explicitly asked, or implicitly) like "What is Tokyo like?" The second sentence, on the other hand, is an answer to a question like "Where do you find many department stores?"
See the grammar note discussing the difference between が and は in Lesson 8. In the case of the particle に, the contrast is between the simple に and the combination には. (See also the grammar note on counting people in Lesson 7.)

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

に (6)

Wiktionary

には

英訳えいやく

in; at; on; to

1. ～んです Genki I: p.276

本文ほんぶん

ちょっとお腹なかが痛いたいんです。【Dialogue I: //.2】
I have a little stomachache. (That's why I don't look well.)

説明せつめい

There are two distinct ways to make a statement in Japanese. One way is to simply report the facts as they are observed. This is the mode of speech that we have learned thus far. In this lesson, we will learn a new way: the mode of explaining things.
　short form (verbs/adjectives/nouns) + んです　=　explanation in terms of the verbs/adjectives/nouns　
When you are late for an appointment, because the bus did not come on time, you could simply and blunty report the fact by saying バスが来きませんでした, but you can sound more apologetic if you offer that as an explanation for your being late. You can say:

バスが来こなかったんです。

(As it happens,) the bus didn't come.

An explanation therefore connects a fact (the bus not coming), to another element in the situation under discussion (you being late for the appointment). The sentence-final expression んです serves as the link between what the sentence says and what it accounts for. Compare:

あしたテストがあります。
あしたテストがあるんです。

I have an exam tomorrow. (a simple observation)
I have an exam tomorrow. (So that's why I can't go out tonight.)

トイレに行いきたいです
トイレに行いきたいんです。

I want to go to the bathroom. (declaration of one's wish)
I want to go to the bathroom. (So tell me where it is.)

んです itself is invariant and does not usually appear in the negative or the past tense forms, but the predicate before it can be affirmative or negative, present tense or past tense.

成績せいせきがよくないんです。(in response to the question "Why do you look so upset?")

(As a matter of fact) My grade is not good.

試験しけんが終おわったんです。 (explaining to a person who has caught you smiling)

The exam is over. (That's why I'm smiling.)

When it follows a noun or a な-adjective in the present tense affirmative, な comes in between.

	report sentences	explanation sentences
な-adjectives:	静しずかかです	静しずかかなんです
nouns:	学生がくせいです	学生がくせいなんです

You can use んです in questions to invite clarifications from the person who you are talking to. It is very often used together with question words, such as どうして (why) and どうした (what has happened).

A

どうして彼かれと別わかれたんですか。

B

彼かれ、ぜんぜんお風呂ふろに入はいらないんです。

A

Why did you break up with your boyfriend? (You've got to tell me.)

B

Oh, him. He never takes a bath. (That's a good enough reason, isn't it?)

A

どうしたんですか。

B

うちの猫ねこが死しんだんです。

A

What happened? (You look shattered.)

B

My cat died. (That should explain how I look today.)

A どうしたんですか question is best answered by a んです sentence with the subject marked with the particle が rather than は, as in the second example above. See Lesson 8 for a related discussion.

You can also use んです to provide an additional comment on what has just been said.

A

かわいいノートですね。

B

ええ。日本にほんで買かったんです。

A

That's a cute notebook.

B

You bet. I bought it in Japan (for your information).

In the written language, you see のです instead of んです. It has the same functions but is stylistically more formal.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

のだ

Bunpro

んだ・んです

Wiktionary

のだ

英訳えいやく

The explanation is that ~; The reason is that ~; The fact is that ~; It is that ~

文型ぶんけい

a. {short/A}+{ん/の}{です/だ}
b. {noun/ANa}な+{ん/の}{です/だ}

練習れんしゅう

2. ～すぎる Genki I: p.278

本文ほんぶん	たぶん食たべすぎたんです。【Dialogue I: //.5】 I probably ate too much.
説明せつめい	The helping verb すぎる, which means "too much" or "to excess," can be added to the end of a verb's stem to describe doing something excessively or someone/something that is in an excessive state. すぎる conjugates as a ru-verb. 早はやく起おきすぎました。 I got up too early. 食たべすぎてはいけません。 You must not eat too much. すぎる can also follow い- and な-adjective bases (the parts which do not change in conjugations); you drop the い and な at the end of the adjectives and then add すぎる. (高たかい)　　この本ほんは高たかすぎます。 This book is too expensive. (静しずかな)　この町まちは静しずかすぎます。 This town is too quiet. In addition to すぎる, すぎ, the noun derived from すぎる by dropping the final る, can also be used. This form is slightly more casual than すぎる. 昨日きのう、寝ねすぎでした。 I slept too much yesterday. う～、食たべすぎだと思う… Ugh, I think I ate too much... 　verb stem/adjective stem + すぎ(る)　=　...too much　 You use すぎる when something is beyond normal or proper, suggesting that you do not welcome it. Thus 親切しんせつすぎます (too kind) for example is not a straightforward compliment. Use modifiers like とても and すごく if you simply want to say that something is in a high degree.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar 過すぎる Bunpro 過すぎる Wiktionary 過すぎる
英訳えいやく	too (much); over- (e.g. eating); to excess
文型ぶんけい	{V-stem/A-stem}+すぎ(る)
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～すぎる Workbook: ～すぎる

3. ～ほうがいいです Genki I: p.278

本文ほんぶん	二三日にさんにち、運動うんどうしないほうがいいでしょう。【Dialogue II: //.5】 You had better not exercise for a couple of days.
説明せつめい	ほうがいいです "it is better (for you) to do..." is a sentence-final expression which you can use to give advice. ほうがいいです follows a verb in the short form. You usually use the past tense of a verb with ほうがいいです if the verb is in the affirmative. When the advice is in the negative, however, the verb is in the present tense. verb (short, past, affirmative) verb (short, present, negative) + ほうがいいです　=　 It is better to... It is better not to... もっと野菜やさいを食たべたほうがいいですよ。 You'd better eat more vegetables. 授業じゅぎょうを休やすまないほうがいいですよ。 It is better not to skip classes.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar ほうがいい Bunpro ～た方ほうがいいない方ほうがいい
英訳えいやく	it is better to...; had better...; should...
文型ぶんけい	a. short-past-affirmative+ほうがいい(です) = It is better to... b. short-present-negative+ほうがいい(です) = It is better not to...
例文れいぶん	来週らいしゅうは試験しけんがありますから、もっと勉強べんきょうしたほうがいいですよ。 There's an exam next week, so you should study more.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～ほうがいいです Workbook: ～ほうがいいです

4. ～ので Genki I: p.279

本文ほんぶん	もうすぐテニスの試合しあいがあるので、練習れんしゅうしなきゃいけないんですが……。【Dialogue II: //.3-4】 I will have a tennis tournament soon, so I have to practice, though...
説明せつめい	ので, which is the te-form of のだ, can be used to give the reason for the situation described in the sentence. Semantically, ので is very similar to から. Stylistically, ので sounds slightly more formal than から and is used extensively in the written language. 　(reason)ので、(situation)。=　(situation), because (reason).　いつも日本語にほんごで話はなすので、日本語にほんごが上手じょうずになりました。 My Japanese has improved, because I always speak Japanese. 宿題しゅくだいがたくさんあったので、きのうの夜よる、寝ねませんでした。 I did not sleep last night, because I had a lot of homework. The reason part of a ので sentence is usually in the short form, but can be in the long form as well to increase the level of formality. When ので follows a な-adjective or a noun in a present tense affirmative clause, な comes in between, as it does with the explanatory predicate んです. その人ひとはいじわるなので、きらいです。 (Compare: いじわるだから) I do not like that person, because he is mean. 今日きょうは日曜日にちようびなので、銀行ぎんこうは休やすみです。 (Compare: 日曜日にちようびだから) Banks are closed, because today is a Sunday.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar ので Bunpro ので Wiktionary ので
英訳えいやく	because; since; so
文型ぶんけい	a. Vので～ b. {ANa/N}なので～
例文れいぶん	カレーを十皿じゅうさら食たべたので、お腹なかが痛いたくなりました。 My stomach hurts, because I ate 10 plates of curry.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～ので Workbook: ～ので

5. ～なければいけません/～なきゃいけません Genki I: p.279-280

本文ほんぶん

もうすぐテニスの試合しあいがあるので、練習れんしゅうしなきゃいけないんですが……。【Dialogue II: //.3-4】
I will have a tennis tournament soon, so I have to practice, though...

説明せつめい

なければいけません and なきゃいけません are used to say that it is necessary to do something, or "must." The なければ variant is more formal and often seen in the written language, while the なきゃ variant is very colloquial and is mainly found in the spoken language.

試験しけんがあるから、勉強べんきょうしなければいけません/なきゃいけません。

I have to study, because there will be an exam.

There are more varieties for "must" sentences: なくちゃいけません, なくてはいけません, and ないといけません. You can also substitute なりません for いけません in the なければ and なきゃ combinations, like なければなりません, なきゃなりません.

なければ and なきゃ mean "if you do not do..." and いけません roughly means "you cannot go"; なければいけません and なきゃいけません therefore literally mean "you cannot go not doing..." with the double negatives giving rise to the affirmative sense of the mandate. な in なければ and なきゃ comes from the negative ない. Just drop the last い and replace it with ければ or きゃ.

verb	short negative	"must"
食たべる	食たべない	食たべなければいけません/食たべなきゃいけません
言いう	言いわない	言いわなければいけません/言いわなきゃいけません
する	しない	しなければいけません/しなきゃいけません
くる	こない	こなければいけません/こなきゃいけません

You can change いけません to いけませんでした to say you had to. The short form, なきゃいけない can also be used in casual speech, and can be further shortened to just なきゃ.

けさは、六時ろくじに起おきなきゃいけませんでした。
(long form, past)

I had to get up at six this morning.

彼女かのじょが来くるから、部屋へやを掃除そうじしなきゃ(いけない)。
(short form, present)

I must clean the room, because my girlfriend is coming.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

なければならない

Bunpro

Wiktionary

なきゃ

英訳えいやく

have to; must; need

文型ぶんけい

a. short-neg - ない + {なければいけません/なきゃいけません} (long form)
b. short-neg - ない + {なければいけない/なきゃ(いけない)} (short form)

例文れいぶん

しまった、行いかなきゃ！

Crap, I have to go!

練習れんしゅう

6. ～でしょう(か) Genki I: p.280-281

本文ほんぶん	二三日にさんにち、運動うんどうしないほうがいいでしょう。【Dialogue II: //.5】 You probably shouldn't exercise for a couple of days.
説明せつめい	If you ask somebody a question that they do not know the answer to, they may be embarrassed. You can avoid such awkward situations by phrasing the question using でしょうか, which adds a note of tentativeness and politeness. A あした、雨あめが降ふるでしょうか。 B 降ふると思おもいます。 A Do you think it will rain tomorrow? B I think it will. でしょう means "probably" and indicates the speaker's conjecture which is not based on any particular information or evidence. By asking a でしょうか question, you are implying that you think the listener probably has a better-informed opinion, which you would appreciate. でしょうか follows short form predicates (affirmative or negative, present or past). When it follows a noun or a な-adjective in a present tense affirmative sentence, it directly follows them, without だ in between. 来週らいしゅうは暖あたたかいでしょうか。 Do you think that it will be warm next week? トマトは野菜やさいでしょうか。 (×野菜やさいだでしょうか) Is a tomato a vegetable? これ、もう話はなしたでしょうか。 Have I told you about this already? You can use the non-interrogative でしょう to make a quess. Adding たぶん earlier in the sentence indicates that it is a guess. たぶんあしたは寒さむくないでしょう。 It probably won't be cold tomorrow. たぶん来年らいねんは日本にほんに行いくでしょう。 I will probably go to Japan next year. In casual exchanges, you can use でしょう (with the question intonation, and most often pronounced as the somewhat shorter でしょ) when you want to check if your partner agrees that you have the correct understanding about what you have just said. ジョン、中国語ちゅうごくごがわかるでしょ？これ、読よんで。 John, you understand Chinese, right? Can you read this for me?
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar だろう Bunpro でしょう Wiktionary でしょう
英訳えいやく	(たぶん)～でしょう = probably でしょうか/でしょ？ = don't you think?; right?; I wonder if...?
文型ぶんけい	a. short+{でしょ(う)/だろ(う)}(か) b. たぶん～short+{でしょ(う)/だろ(う)}
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～でしょうか Workbook: ～でしょうか

表現ひょうげんノート1. うーん Genki I: p.281

説明せつめい	うーん, with the prolonged う syllable, indicates reflection and hesitation. It is often used when you cannot make up your mind or when you are about to give an answer which may be unfavorable to the person you are talking with.
英訳えいやく	umm...; uh...; hmm...
例文れいぶん	A 結婚けっこんしてください。 B うーん、まだ結婚けっこんしたくないんです。もう少すこし待まってください。 A Please marry me. B Uh... I don't want to get married yet. Please wait a little longer.

1. Potential Verbs Genki II: p.26-28

本文ほんぶん

今日きょう店みせに来こられますか。【Dialogue I: //.3】
Can you come to the restaurant today?
あしたなら行いけると思おもいます。【Dialogue I: //.4】
I think I can come if it's tomorrow.
いろいろな人ひとに会あえるし、日本語にほんごも使つかえるし。【Dialogue II: //.2】
I can meet various people, and I can use Japanese...

説明せつめい

The Potential form of verbs is used to say that someone "can" or "has the ability to" do something, or that something is "possible."

私わたしは日本語にほんごが話はなせます。

I can speak Japanese.

私わたしは泳およげないんです。

(The truth is) I cannot swim.

雨あめが降ふったので、海うみに行いけませんでした。

We could not go to the beach, because it rained.

Below are the conjugation rules for the Potential form:

Potential verbs
• ru-verbs: Drop the final -ru and add -rareru.
　　見みる (mi-ru)　　見みられる (mi-rare-ru)
• u-verbs: Drop the final -u and add -eru.
　　行いく (ik-u)　　行いける (ik-eru)
　　話はなす　　話はなせる
　　待まつ　　待まてる
　　死しぬ　　死しねる
　　読よむ　　読よめる
　　作つくる　　作つくれる
　　泳およぐ　　泳およげる
　　遊あそぶ　　遊あそべる
　　買かう　　買かえる
• irregular verbs:
　　くる　　こられる
　　する　　できる

You can think of the u-verb conjugation in terms of a hiragana table:

	行い	話はな	待ま	死し	読よ	作つく	泳およ	遊あそ	買か
negative	か	さ	た	な	ま	ら	が	ば	わ	～ない
stem	き	し	ち	に	み	り	ぎ	び	い	～ます
affirmative	く	す	つ	ぬ	む	る	ぐ	ぶ	う	=Dictionary form
potential	け	せ	て	ね	め	れ	げ	べ	え	～る

The potential verbs for ru-verbs are longer than those for u-verbs. (Compare 見みられる to 見みる, and 乗のれる to 乗のる.) There are actually shorter, alternative potential verbs for ru-verbs and the irregular くる, which use the suffix -れる, instead of -られる. These ら-less forms were once considered substandard, but are now used without hesitation by most speakers.

With and without ら

	dictionary forms	potential forms	ら-less potential forms
ru-verbs:	出でる見みる	出でられる見みられる	出でれる見みれる
irregular verbs:	くる	こられる	これる

Please note, however, that the ら-less forms are still not officially sanctioned by school grammar. So, Grammar and spell checking apps will suggest rewrites for these ら-less forms.

Potential verbs themselves conjugate as regular ru-verbs. The table below summarizes the conjugation patterns for potential verbs.

Conjugation of potential verbs

	short forms		long forms
	affirmative	negative	affirmative	negative
[Present]	書かける	書かけない	書かけます	書かけません
[Past]	書かけた	書かけなかった	書かけました	書かけませんでした
[Te-form]	書かけて

Verbs that take the particle を can take either を or が when they are turned into the potential, as in the first sentence above. できる, the potential counterpart of the verb する, is somewhat special, however, and takes が almost all the time. All particles other than を remain the same when the verb is turned into the potential form.

Particles in potential sentences
• verbs with を:
　　漢字かんじを読よむ　　漢字かんじ{が/を}読よめる
• する―できる:
　　仕事しごとをする　　仕事しごとができる　(仕事しごとをできる is much less commonly used.)
• verbs with particles other than を:
　　山やまに登のぼる　　山やまに登のぼれる　(No particle change involved.)

You can also express the idea of "can do" using a more complex construction: verb dictionary form + ことができる. Unlike with potential verbs, the original を is preserved when you have a verb that takes を in the ことができる construction.

メアリーさんはギターを弾ひくことができます。
(Compare: ギターが弾ひけます)

Mary can play the guitar.

このアパートでは犬いぬを飼かうことができません。
(Compare: 犬いぬが飼かえません)

You cannot keep dogs in this apartment.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

Bunpro

Wiktionary

文型ぶんけい

a. {が/を}V-potential
b. ～ができる
c. short-affirmativeことができる

練習れんしゅう

2. ～し Genki II: p.28-29

本文ほんぶん

いろいろな人ひとに会あえるし、日本語にほんごも使つかえるし。【Dialogue II: //.2】
I can meet various people, and I can use Japanese...

説明せつめい

As we learned in Lesson 9, to give the reason for something, we can use the conjunction から.

日本語にほんごはおもしろいから、日本語にほんごの授業じゅぎょうが大好だいすきです。

I really like my Japanese class, because Japanese is interesting.

When you want to mention not just one, but two (or more reasons), you can use し in place of から. し usually follows a predicate in the short form, but the long form can be used as well to increase the level of formality.
　(reason1)し、(reason2)し、(situation)。 =　(situation), because (reason1) and (reason2).　

日本語にほんごはおもしろいし、先生せんせいはいいし、私わたしは日本語にほんごの授業じゅぎょうが大好だいすきです。

I really like my Japanese class, because Japanese is interesting, and our teacher is good.

A

国くにに帰かえりたいですか。

B

いいえ、日本にほんの生活せいかつは楽たのしいし、いい友達ともだちがいるし、帰かえりたくないです。

A

Do you want to go back home?

B

No. Life here in Japan is good, and I have good friends here, so I don't want to go back.

When you use just one し clause, you imply that it is not the only reason for the situation.

物価ぶっかが安やすいし、この町まちの生活せいかつは楽らくです。

Life in this city is easygoing. Things are inexpensive, for one thing.

You can also add the し clauses in a separate sentence, providing reasons for the situation just mentioned.

山下先生やましたせんせいはいい先生せんせいです。教おしえるのが上手じょうずだし、親切しんせつだし。

Professor Yamashita is a great teacher. He is good at teaching, and he is kind.

Note that だ is used in the present tense with な-adjectives and nouns, but not with い-adjectives.

い-adjectives:	おもしろいし	(×おもしろいだし)
な-adjectives:	好すきだし	(×好すきし)
noun+です:	学生がくせいだし	(×学生がくせいし)

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

し

Bunpro

し～し

Wiktionary

し

英訳えいやく

and; what’s more; not only ~ but also ~; because; so

文型ぶんけい

a. {V1/A1}し(、{V2/A2}し)
b. {N1/ANa1}だし(、{N2/ANa2}だし)

練習れんしゅう

3. ～そうです (It looks like...) Genki II: p.29-30

本文ほんぶん	おもしろそうですから。【Dialogue II: //.2】 It seems interesting. おいしそうですね。じゃあ、食たべてみます。【Dialogue III: //.6-7】 It looks good. Well, I will try it.
説明せつめい	そうです can be added to い- and な-adjective bases to say that something "seemingly" has those properties. When we say ～そうです, we are guessing what something is like based on our impressions. このりんごはおいしそうです。 This apple looks delicious. あしたは天気てんきがよさそうです。 It looks like the weather will be fine tomorrow. メアリーさんは元気げんきそうです。 Mary looks like she was doing well. It can also be added to the stem of a verb to describe your impression or guess. このセーターは家いえで洗あらえそうです。 It looks like this sweater is washable at home. The impression you express may be an event about to happen. 雨あめが降ふりそうです。 It looks like it will rain. To form ～そうです sentences with い-adjectives, you drop the final い; with な-adjectives, you just drop な; with verbs, conjugate to the long form and drop ます. The only exception is いい, which changes to よさ before そう. い-adjectives:　　おいしい　　おいしそうです (exception)　　　いい　　　　よさそうですな-adjectives:　　元気げんき(な)　　元気げんきそうです verbs:　　　　　降ふります　　降ふりそうです You can use そうです with negative adjectives and verbs, too. The negative ending ない is changed to なさ before そう. この本ほんは難むずしくなさそうです。 This book does not look difficult. ソラさんはテニスが上手じょうずじゃなさそうです。 It does not look like Sora is good at tennis. 雪ゆきが降ふらなさそうです。 It does not look like it will snow. Another option is to negate そう with じゃないです instead of negating the adjective or verb. この本ほんは難むずしそうじゃないです。 This book does not look difficult. ソラさんはテニスが上手じょうずそうじゃないです。 It does not look like Sora is good at tennis. 雪ゆきが降ふりそうじゃないです。 It does not look like it will snow. You can use the {adjective/verb} + そう combination to qualify a noun. そう is a な-adjective, so when we modify a noun with it we say そうな before the noun. 暖あたたかそうなセーターを着きています。 She is wearing a warm-looking sweater. あそこで泣なきそうな子こがいます。 There's a child over there who looks like she's about to cry. In many そうです sentences, the guesswork is done on the basis of visual impressions. It is wrong, however, to assume that そう is linked purely to the visual medium. Rather, we use そうです when we lack conclusive evidence. (For example, we say an apple is おいしそう before we have had the chance to taste it. Once we have tasted it, we can conclude whether it really is おいしい.) With an adjective for which visual evidence is crucial, such as きれいな, we do not use そう and say ×きれいそうです for something pretty-looking; if we can see it, we already have enough evidence to conclude that it is pretty.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar そうだ (2) Bunpro そう Wiktionary そう
英訳えいやく	look; look like; appear; seem; feel like
文型ぶんけい	a. {V-stem/A-stem/ANa}+そう{です/だ} = looks like... b. neg - ない + なさそう{です/だ} = does not look like... c. {V-stem/A-stem/ANa}+そうじゃない(です) = does not look like...
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～そうです 1 Practice: ～そうです 2 Workbook: ～そうです

4. ～てみる Genki II: p.30

本文ほんぶん	おいしそうですね。じゃあ、食たべてみます。【Dialogue III: //.6-7】 It looks good. Well, I will try it.
説明せつめい	You can use the te-form of a verb plus the helping verb みる to express the idea of "doing something tentatively," or "trying something." You are not sure what the outcome of your action will be, but you dare to do it and see what effect it might have. 漢字かんじがわからなかったので、日本人にほんじんの友達ともだちに聞きいてみました。 I did not know the kanji, so I tried asking a Japanese friend of mine. A この本ほん、おもしろかったですよ。 B じゃあ、読よんでみます。 A This book was interesting. B Okay, I will take a look at it. みる comes from the verb 見みる, and conjugates as a regular ru-verb. Unlike the main verb 見みる, however, ～てみる is always written in hiragana. This rule is common among other helping verbs and expressions that are used with the te-form, such as 下ください and ～てください.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar みる Bunpro てみる Wiktionary 見みる
英訳えいやく	do something and see; try to do something
文型ぶんけい	～てみる
例文れいぶん	アニメが好すきなので、日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうしてみます。 I will try studying Japanese, because I like anime.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～てみる Workbook: ～てみる

5. なら Genki II: p.31

本文ほんぶん	店長てんちょう日本にほんで働はたらいたことがありますか。【Dialogue II: //.3】ジョンはい。コンビニのアルバイトならしたことがあります。【Dialogue II: //.4】 Manager Have you worked in Japan before? John Yes. I've worked part-time at a convenience store. (If convenience stores count, I have.)
説明せつめい	You can say "X (noun) なら Y (predicate)" when you think that the predicate Y applies only to X and is not more generally valid. The main idea of a なら sentence, in other words, are contrast (as in Situation 1) and limitation (as in Situation 2). Situation 1 A ブラジルに行いったことがありますか。 B チリなら行いったことがありますが、ブラジルは行いったことがありません。 A Have you ever been to Brazil? B I've been to Chile, but never to Brazil. (If the question were about Chile, yes, but Brazil no.) You can optionally keep the particle に before なら in this example and say チリになら. Particles such as に, で, and から may, but do not have to, intervene between the noun and なら, while は, が, and を never go with なら. Situation 2 A 日本語にほんごが読よめますか。 B ひらがななら読よめます。 A Can you read Japanese? B If it is (written) in hiragana, yes. なら introduces a sentence that says something "positive" about the item that is contrasted. In the first situation above, なら puts Chile in a positive light, and in contrast with Brazil, which the question was originally about. In the second situation, a smaller part, namely, hiragana, is brought up and contrasted with a larger area, namely, the language as a whole.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar なら Bunpro なら Wiktionary なら
英訳えいやく	if it is true that; if it is the case that; if; would; could
文型ぶんけい	Nなら
例文れいぶん	俺おれならできますよ。 If it's me, I can do it.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: なら Workbook: なら

6. 一週間いっしゅうかんに三回さんかい (periodにfrequency) Genki II: p.31-32

本文ほんぶん	一週間いっしゅうかんに三日みっか働はたらいています。【Dialogue III: //.3】 I work three days a week.
説明せつめい	You can describe the frequency of events over a period of time by using the following framework. 　(period) に (frequency) = (frequency) per (period)　 A 一週間いっしゅうかんに何回なんかい髪かみを洗あらいますか。 B 私わたしは一週間いっしゅうかんに三回さんかい髪かみを洗あらいます。 A How many times a week do you shampoo? B I shampoo three times a week.
補足ほそく	Bunpro に (Frequency)
英訳えいやく	per; a
文型ぶんけい	periodにfrequency
例文れいぶん	一日いちにちに三時間さんじかんぐらいゲームをします。 I play games for about three hours a day. 一ヶ月いっかげつに三日みっかか四日よっか、アルバイトをします。 I work part-time three or four days a month.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: 一週間に三回 Workbook: 一週間に三回

表現ひょうげんノート1. Verbs for Playing Musical Instruments Genki II: p.32

説明せつめい	Different verbs are used to express the playing of different musical instruments. For stringed and keyboard instruments: ギターを弾ひくピアノを弾ひく to play the guitar to play the piano For wind instruments: サックスを吹ふく to play the saxophone For percussion instruments: ドラムを叩たたく to play the drum When referring to musical instruments in general, やる and できる (for potential) are usually used. 何なにか楽器がっきができますか。 Can you play any instruments. 何なにか楽器がっきをやりますか。 Do you play any instruments.
英訳えいやく	弾ひく = to play (a stringed instrument); to strum 吹ふく = to play (a wind instrument); to blow 叩たたく = to play (a percussion instrument); to beat やる = to play (an instrument); to do できる = can play (an instrument); can do
文型ぶんけい	a. instrumentを{引ひく/吹ふく/叩たたく/やる} b. instrumentができる
例文れいぶん	ピアノを弾ひくのが好すきです。 I like playing the piano.

表現ひょうげんノート2. ～く/～に (Using Adjectives as Adverbs) Genki II: p.32

説明せつめい	Both い-adjectives and な-adjectives can modify verbs as adverbs. With い-adjectives, the final い is replaced by く. With な-adjectives, に is added.
文型ぶんけい	a. A-stem+く b. ANa+に
例文れいぶん	日本語にほんごのクラスは楽たのしいです。毎日まいにち日本語にほんごを楽たのしく勉強べんきょうしています。 The Japanese class is fun. I enjoy studying Japanese every day. ロバートさんは料理りょうりが上手じょうずです。ロバートさんは上手じょうずに料理りょうりができます。 Robert is good at cooking. Robert can cook well.

1. ほしい Genki II: p.50-51

本文ほんぶん	わあ、いいね、このセーター。こんなのがほしかったんだ。【Dialogue II: //.4】 Wow, this is a nice sweater! I've wanted one like this.
説明せつめい	ほしい means "(I) want (something)." ほしい follows the い-adjective conjugation pattern. The object of desire is usually followed by the particle が. In negative sentences, the particle は is also used. いい成績せいせきがほしいです。 I want a good grade. 子供こどもの時とき、ポケモンのゲームがほしかったです。 When I was young, I wanted a Pokémon game. Q プレゼントがほしい？ A ううん、ほしくない。 Q Do you want a present? A No, I don't. 　(私わたしは) X がほしい　=　I want X　ほしい is like the たい suffix (I want to do...) for verbs, and its use is mostly limited to the first person, the speaker. So, we use ほしい to say "I want this" but not for "Mary wants that." To talk about somebody else's wishes or desires, you either quote that person's expression of desire, or you describe it as your guess. ヤスミンさんは新あたらしいスマホがほしいと言いっています。 Yasmin says she wants a new phone. 亜美あみさんはぬいぐるみがほしくないでしょう。 Ami probably doesn't want a stuffed animal. Or you can replace ほしい with the derived verb ほしがる, which indicates that you can tell by the way the person acts that they want something. ほしがる is similar to たがる in the first example below, which replaces たい. ほしがる conjugates as an u-verb and is usually used in the form of ほしがっている. Unlike ほしい, the particle after the object of desire is を. ななみさんは英語えいごを習ならいたがっています。＜習ならいたい (I understand that) Nanami wants to study English. カルロスさんは友達ともだちをほしがっています。＜ほしい (I understand that) Carlos wants a friend. Because the core meaning of ほしい is "desire to possess," when you can use a verb + たい instead of ほしい, you should use the verb. For example. 昼ひるご飯はんが食たべたい。 (not 昼ひるご飯はんがほしい) 旅行りょこうに行いきたい。 (not 旅行りょこうがほしい)
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar ほしい Bunpro がほしい Wiktionary ほしい
英訳えいやく	want (something)
文型ぶんけい	Xがほしい = I want X
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ほしい (Present) Practice: ほしい (Past) Workbook: ほしい

2. ～かもしれません Genki II: p.51-52

本文ほんぶん	それはいいかもしれませんね。【Dialogue I: //.4】 That might be a good idea.
説明せつめい	かもしれません means that something is a "possibility." You can use it when you think that something may be the case. When you say かもしれません, you are less sure about the state of affairs than when you say でしょう. There are stylistic variants of かもしれません: in casual speech, you say かもしれない or just かも. 　short form + かもしれません　=　Maybe...　 You can add かもしれません to the short forms of predicates, in the affirmative and in the negative, in the present as well as the past tense. あしたは雨あめが降ふるかもしれません。 It may rain tomorrow. 田中たなかさんより、鈴木すずきさんのほうが背せが高たかいかもしれない。 Suzuki is perhaps taller than Tanaka. あしたは天気てんきがよくないかも。 The weather may not be good tomorrow. ロバートさんは、子供こどもの時とき、いじわるだったかもしれません。 Robert may have been a bully when he was a kid. When the last part of a sentence is a noun or a な-adjective in the present tense, you put かもしれません directly after that noun or な-adjective. In other words, だ is dropped in such sentences. ウデイさんはインド人じんだ。　　ウデイさんはインド人じんかもしれません。 Uday is an Indian.　　Uday may be an Indian. 山下先生やましたせんせいは犬いぬが嫌きらいだ。　　山下先生やましたせんせいは犬いぬが嫌きらいかもしれません。 Professor Yamashita doesn't like dogs.　　Professor Yamashita may not like dogs.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar かもしれない Bunpro かもしれない Wiktionary かもしれない
英訳えいやく	might; maybe; perhaps
文型ぶんけい	short+かもしれない
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～かもしれません Workbook: ～かもしれません

3. あげる/くれる/もらう Genki II: p.52-53

本文ほんぶん

たけしさんはいつも同おなじセーターを着きているから、セーターをあげたらどうですか。【Dialogue I: //.2-3】
Takeshi always wears the same sweater, so why don't you give him a sweater?
これ、メアリーがくれたんです。【Dialogue III: //.2】
Mary gave me this.
ロバートさんはチョコレートを十個じゅっこももらったんですよ。【Dialogue III: //.3-4】
You know, Robert got as many as ten chocolates.

説明せつめい

Japanese has two verbs for giving: くれる and あげる. The choice between the pair depends on the direction of the transaction. Imagine a set of concentric spheres of relative psychological distances, with me at the center, you next to me, and all the others on the edge. When a thing moves toward the center, the verb we use is くれる. Otherwise, when a thing moves away from the center or when a thing stays away from the center, the transaction is described in terms of あげる.

verb	direction	meaning
くれる	moving toward you	Somebody gives me. You give me. Somebody gives you.
あげる	moving away from you	I give to you. You give to others. I give to others.
あげる	observing others	Somebody gives to somebody else.

Note that if a transaction takes place between others but you think that you yourself have benefited because somebody very close to you received something, くれる is also possible instead of あげる. In the example below, you identify yourself more closely with your family than with somebody you have never met. Hence くれる.

大統領だいとうりょうが妹いもうとに手紙てがみをくれました。

The President gave my little sister a letter.

With both あげる and くれる, the giver is the subject of the sentence, and is accompanied by the particle は or が. The recipient is accompanied by the particle に.

私わたしはその女おんなの人ひとに花はなをあげます。

I will give that woman flowers.

その女おんなの人ひとは男おとこの人ひとに時計とけいをあげました。

The woman gave the man a watch.

両親りょうしんが(私わたしに)新あたらしい車くるまをくれるかもしれません。

My parents may give me a new car.

そのプレゼント、だれがくれたんですか。

Who gave you that present?

　(giver) {は/が} (recipient) に {あげる/くれる}　=　(giver) gives to recipient　

Transactions that are described with the verb くれる can also be described in terms of "receiving" or もらう. With もらう, it is the recipient that is the subject of the sentence, and the giver is accompanied by the particle に or から. Compare the もらう and くれる sentences below, which describe the same event.
　(recipient) {は/が} (giver) {に/から} もらう　=　(recipient) receives from giver　

私わたしは姉あね{に/から}マフラーをもらいました。

I received a winter scarf from my big sister.

姉あねが私わたしにマフラーをくれました

My big sister gave me a winter scarf.

もらう implies that you feel closer to the recipient than to the giver. Thus もらう is not appropriate when the transaction is outbound.

×(あなたは)私わたしから手紙てがみをもらいましたか。

Did you receive a letter from me?

You can use もらう for third-party transactions if you can assume the perspective of the recipient.

妹いもうとは大統領だいとうりょうに手紙てがみをもらいました。

My little sister received a letter from the President.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

Bunpro

Wiktionary

英訳えいやく

あげる = to give (to others)
くれる = to give (to me or someone close to you)
もらう = to receive (from someone)

文型ぶんけい

a. giver{は/が}recipientに{あげる/くれる}
b. recipient{は/が}giver{に/から}もらう

練習れんしゅう

4. ～たらどうですか Genki II: p.54

本文ほんぶん	たけしさんはいつも同おなじセーターを着きているから、セーターをあげたらどうですか。【Dialogue I: //.2-3】 Takeshi always wears the same sweater, so why don't you give him a sweater?
説明せつめい	たらどうですか (lit. "How would you feel if you do something?") after a verb conveys advice or recommendation. The initial た in たらどうですか comes from the same ending as in the past tense short form of a verb in the affirmative. In casual speech, たらどうですか may be shortened to たらどう or たら. 　verb (short, past) + らどうですか　=　why don't you...　薬くすりを飲のんだらどうですか。 How about taking some medicine? もっと勉強べんきょうしたらどう？ Why don't you study harder? たらどうですか may sometimes have a disapproving tone, expressing criticism of the person for not having performed the action already. It is, therefore, safer to avoid using it unless you were asked for advice. Also, the pattern is not to be used for extending invitations. If, for example, you want to tell your friend to come visit, you do not want to use たらどうですか, but should instead use ませんか. うちに来きませんか。 Why don't you come to my place? Compare: ×うちに来きたらどうですか。
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar たらどうですか Bunpro たらどう
英訳えいやく	why don't you...; what about doing...?
文型ぶんけい	short-past+らどうですか
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～たらどうですか Workbook: ～たらどうですか

5. Number+も/Number+しか+Negative Genki II: p.54-55

本文ほんぶん	ロバートさんはチョコレートを十個じゅっこももらったんですよ。【Dialogue III: //.3-4】 You know, Robert got as many as ten chocolates. ぼくは一個いっこしかもらえませんでした。【Dialogue III: //.6】 I only got one.
説明せつめい	The basic structure for expressing numbers in Japanese is as follows. 　noun {が/を} + number　私わたしのうちには猫ねこが三匹さんびきいます。 There are three cats in our house. 傘かさを二本にほん買かいました。 We bought two umbrellas. You can add も to the number word when you want to say "as many as." 私わたしの母ははは猫ねこを三匹さんびきも飼かっています。 My mother owns three, count them, three cats. きのうのパーティーには学生がくせいが二十人にじゅうにんも来きました。 As many as twenty students showed up at the party yesterday. You can add しか to the number word, and turn the predicate into the negative when you want to say "as few as" or "only." 私わたしは日本語にほんごの本ほんを一冊いっさつしか持もっていません。 I have only one Japanese book. この会社かいしゃにはパソコンが二台にだいしかありません。 There are only two computers in this company.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar も (2) しか Bunpro Number + も Number + しか〜ない Wiktionary もしか
英訳えいやく	number + も = as many as number + しか～ない = as few as; only
文型ぶんけい	a. numberも b. numberしか～ない
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Number+も／Number+しか+Negative Workbook: Number+も／Number+しか+Negative

表現ひょうげんノート1. Short Forms in Casual Speech Genki II: p.55-56

説明せつめい

The dialogues in this lesson contain many examples of short forms as they are used in casual spoken Japanese. Let's examine some of the lines from the Dialogue section.

開あけてもいい？　This is a question that simply asks for a yes or a no. These types of questions hardly ever have the question particle か at the end. The rising intonation alone marks them as questions.
わあ and へえ　You say わあ when you find something exciting. It is like the English "wow!" We saw this interjection of enthusiasm in Lesson 5. You say へえ when you hear something amusing, hard to believe, or mildly surprising; like "Oh, is that right?"
こんなのがほしかったんだ。　んだ is the explanation modality, the short form counterpart of んです. Female speakers have the choice between the gender neutral んだ and the more feminine の in closing an explanation sentence.
メアリーが編あんだの？　Many question sentences in casual spoken Japanese end in の, which is the short form counterpart of the explanation modality んです. As are questions ending in んですか, most の questions are fishing for detailed explanations as a response. This usage of の is gender-neutral.
着きて見みて。　The te-form of a verb is used as a request. The be more polite, you can add ください after the て.

補足ほそく

Wiktionary

表現ひょうげんノート2. なあ Genki II: p.56

本文ほんぶん	ぼくも彼女かのじょがほしいなあ。【Dialogue III: //.3】 Man, I want a girlfriend, too...
説明せつめい	なあ at the end of a sentence, after a short form predicate, indicates exclamation of admiration, longing, frustration, or some such strong emotion. Basically, it intensifies the emotional value of a statement. なあ is mostly used when you are talking to yourself.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary な
例文れいぶん	日本語にほんごの先生せんせいは優やさしいなあ。 Wow, isn't my Japanese professor nice! いい教科書きょうかしょだなあ。 Whoa, this is a great textbook! おなかがすいたなあ。 Gee, am I hungry! あの人ひとはけちだなあ。 Darn, isn't that guy cheap!

表現ひょうげんノート3. できる Genki II: p.56

説明せつめい	できる has a number of different meanings depending on the context. "can do/be good at/do well" 日本語にほんごができます。 I am capable in Japanese. 彼かれはスキーができません。 He can't ski. テストであまりできませんでした。 I didn't do well on the exam. "be completed/finished" 晩ばんご飯はんできましたよ。 Dinner is ready 宿題しゅくだいはできましたか。 Is your homework done yet? "appear/come into existence/be made" 新あたらしい店みせができました。 A new store has opened. 友達ともだちがたくさんできました。 I have made many friends.
補足ほそく	Wiktionary できる
英訳えいやく	to be able to do; to be finished; to be made

表現ひょうげんノート4. ～からです Genki II: p.56

説明せつめい	～からです means "it's because..." and answers a "why" question. The part that precedes から is in the short form.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar から (3) Bunpro から Wiktionary から
英訳えいやく	it's because...
文型ぶんけい	short+からです
例文れいぶん	A どうして日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうしているんですか。 B 日本にほんのアニメが好すきだからです。 A Why are you studying Japanese? B It's because I like Japanese anime.

1. Volitional Form Genki II: p.74-75

本文ほんぶん

そばを食たべようよ。【Dialogue II: //.6】
Let's eat soba.

説明せつめい

The volitional form of a verb is a more casual equivalent of ましょう. You can use it to suggest a plan to a close friend, for example.

A

あしたは授業じゅぎょうがないから、今晩こんばんどこかに行いこう。

B

いいね。そうしよう。

A

We won't have any classes tomorrow. Let's go somewhere this evening.

B

Sounds good. Let's do so.

You can make the volitional forms using the following rules.

Potential verbs
• ru-verbs: Drop the final -ru and add -yoo.
　　見みる (mi-ru)　　見みよう (mi-yoo)
• u-verbs: Drop the final -u and add -oo.
　　行いく (ik-u)　　行いこう (ik-oo)
　　話はなす　　話はなそう
　　待まつ　　待まとう
　　死しぬ　　死しのう
　　読よむ　　読よもう
　　作つくる　　作つくろう
　　泳およぐ　　泳およごう
　　遊あそぶ　　遊あそぼう
　　買かう　　買かおう
• irregular verbs:
　　くる　　こよう
　　する　　しよう

Think of the u-verb conjugation in terms of a hiragana chart.

	行い	話はな	待ま	死し	読よ	作つく	泳およ	遊あそ	買か
negative	か	さ	た	な	ま	ら	が	ば	わ	～ない
stem	き	し	ち	に	み	り	ぎ	び	い	～ます
affirmative	く	す	つ	ぬ	む	る	ぐ	ぶ	う	=Dictionary form
potential	け	せ	て	ね	め	れ	げ	べ	え	～る
volitional	こ	そ	と	の	も	ろ	ご	ぼ	お	～う

You can use the volitional plus the question particle か to ask for an opinion in your offer or suggestion.

A
手伝てつだおうか。
B
ううん。大丈夫だいじょうぶ。
A
今度こんど、いつ会あおうか。
B
来週らいしゅうの土曜日どようびはどう？

A
Shall I lend you a hand?
B
No, I'm doing okay.
A
When shall we meet again?
B
How about Saturday next week?

補足ほそく

Bunpro

う・よう (Volitional)

Wiktionary

よう

英訳えいやく

let's; shall we/I?

練習れんしゅう

2. Volitional Form + と思おもっています Genki II: p.75

本文ほんぶん	ゆいさんの長野ながののうちに行いこうと思おもってるんだけど、一緒いっしょに行いかない？【Dialogue I: //.3-4】 I am thinking of going to Yui's home in Nagano. Do you want to go?
説明せつめい	We use the volitional form + と思おもっています to talk about our resolutions. 毎日まいにち三時間さんじかん日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうしようと思おもっています。 I've decided to/I'm going to study Japanese for three hours every day. You can also use the volitional + と思おもいます, which suggests that the decision to perform the activity is being made on the spot at the time of speaking. と思おもっています, in contrast, tends to suggest that you have already decided to do something. Situation 1 Q 十万円じゅうまんえんあげましょう。何なにに使つかいますか。 A 旅行りょこうに行いこうと思おもいます。 Q I will give you 100,000 yen. What will you use it for? A I will go on a trip. (decision made on the spot) Situation 2 Q 両親りょうしんから十万円じゅうまんえんもらったんですか。何なにに使つかうんですか。 A 旅行りょこうに行いこうと思おもっています。 Q You got 100,000 yen from your parents? What are you going to use it for? A I am going to go on a trip. (decision already made) Note that verbs in volitional forms and verbs in the present tense convey different ideas when they are used with と思おもいます or と思おもっています. When you use volitionals, you are talking about your intention. When you use the present tense, you are talking about your prediction. 日本にほんの会社かいしゃで働はたらこうと思おもいます。 I will/intend to work for a Japanese company. 日本にほんの会社かいしゃで働はたらくと思おもいます。 I think I/he/she will be working for a Japanese company.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar ようと思おもう Bunpro う・よう + と思おもうう Wiktionary よう
英訳えいやく	I've decided to...; I'm going to...; I am thinking of...; I think I will...
文型ぶんけい	V-vol+と思おもう
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Volitional Form + と思っています Workbook: Volitional Form + と思っています

3. ～ておく Genki II: p.76

本文ほんぶん	じゃあ、行いく。電車でんしゃの時間じかん、調しらべておくよ。【Dialogue I: //.8】 Then, I will go. I will check the train schedule (in preparation for the holiday). ありがとう。じゃあ、私わたし、ゆいさんに電話でんわしておく。【Dialogue I: //.8】 Thanks. I will call Yui (to let her know in advance).
説明せつめい	The te-form of a verb plus the helping verb おく describes an action performed in preparation for something. あした試験しけんがあるので、今晩こんばん勉強べんきょうしておきます。 Since there will be an exam tomorrow, I will study (for it) tonight. 友達ともだちが来くるから、部屋へやを掃除そうじしておかなきゃいけません。 I have to clean my room, because my friends are coming. 　～ておく　=　do something in advance/preparation　ておく is often shortened to とく in speech. ホテルを予約よやくしとくね。 I will make a hotel reservation in advance.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar おく Bunpro ～ておく Wiktionary 置おく
英訳えいやく	do something in advance/preparation
文型ぶんけい	～ておく
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～ておく Workbook: ～ておく

4. Using Sentences to Qualify Nouns Genki II: p.76-77

本文ほんぶん

すみません、善行寺ぜんこうじに行いくバスはどれですか。【Dialogue III: //.1】
Excuse me. Which is the bus that goes to Zenkoji Temple?

説明せつめい

In the phrase おもしろい本ほん, the い-adjective おもしろい qualifies the noun 本ほん and tells us what kind of book it is. (See Lesson 9 for more details.) You can also use sentences to qualify nouns. The sentences that are used as qualifiers of nouns are shown in the boxes below.

	sentences used as qualifiers	noun
Example 1.	きのう買かった	本ほん	the book that I bought yesterday
Example 2.	彼かれがくれた	本ほん	the book that my boyfriend gave me
Example 3.	つくえの上うえにある	本ほん	the book that is on the table
Example 4.	日本にほんで買かえない	本ほん	the book that you can't buy in Japan

Qualifier sentences in these examples tell us what kind of book we are talking about, just like adjectives. The verbs used in such qualifier sentences are in their short forms, either in the present (as in examples 3 and 4) or in the past tense (1 and 2), and either in the affirmative (1-3) or in the negative (4). When the subject of the verb—that is to say, the person performing the activity—appears inside a qualifier sentence, as in example 2 above, it is accompanied by the particle が, and not は.

A "qualifier sentence + noun" combination is just like one big noun phrase. You can put it anywhere in a sentence that has a noun.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

Relative Clause (2)

Bunpro

～た + (Noun)

文型ぶんけい

sentence+noun

例文れいぶん

これは去年きょねんの誕生日たんじょうびに彼女かのじょがくれた本ほんです。
(cf. これは本ほんです。)

This is a book that my girlfriend gave me on my birthday last year.
(cf. This is a book.)
父ちちが村上春樹むらかみはるきが書かいた本ほんをくれました。
(cf. 父ちちが本ほんをくれました。)

My father gave me a book that Haruki Murakami wrote.
(cf. My father gave me a book.)
私わたしが一番いちばん感動かんどうした映画えいがは「生いきる」です。
(cf. 映画えいがは「生いきる」です。)

The movie I was touched by the most is "To live," a 1952 film directed by Akira Kuosawa.
(cf. The movie is "To Live.")

練習れんしゅう

表現ひょうげんノート1. Short Forms in Casual Speech 2 Genki II: p.78

説明せつめい

In Lesson 14 we discussed the usage of short forms in casual speech. Let's continue examining some more examples of short forms used in casual spoken Japanese that appear in the Dialogue.

今度こんどの休やすみ、予定よていある？　The verb ある normally calls for the particle が, as in 予定よていがある. However, in casual speech, the particles は, が, and を are frequently dropped. Note also that this sentence is a yes/no question, and the particle か is dropped and replaced with rising intonation which is often indicated by a question mark in the written language. The question particle か is retained in special cases only, such as the pattern "volitional + か (Shall we...?)"
思おもってるんだけど　思おもってる is the contraction of 思おもっている, where the vowel い of the helping verb いる is dropped. Such contractions do occur in the long form (です and ます) speech patterns, too, but are more frequent in casual speech with short forms.
言いってたから。　言いってた is the contraction of 言いっていた, and another example of the vowel い in the helping verb いる being dropped.
有名ゆうめいなお寺てらだよ。　だ is systematically dropped at the end of a sentence, but it is retained when followed by よ or ね.

A

今日きょう、何曜日なんようび？

B

水曜日すいようび。／水曜日すいようびだよ。

A

What day is it?

B

It's Wednesday.

補足ほそく

Tobira: Gateway to Advanced Japanese

話はなし言葉ことばの縮約形しゅくやくけい　(contracted forms)

Wiktionary

てる
だ

表現ひょうげんノート2. ～けど and ～が Genki II: p.78

本文ほんぶん	ゆいさんの長野ながののうちに行いこうと思おもってるんだけど、一緒いっしょに行いかない？【Dialogue I: //.3-4】 I am thinking of going to Yui's home in Nagano. Do you want to go?
説明せつめい	You can use けど and が not only in the sense of "but" (contrasting two situations), but also to present the background to what you are about to say. In the dialogue, 一緒いっしょに行いかない？ alone would be too abrupt, and Takeshi would wonder what Mary is talking about. Mary could have used two separate sentences, as in ゆいさんの長野ながののうちに行いこうと思おもってるんだ。一緒いっしょに行いかない？ By inserting けど, Mary indicates that she still has something to say at the end of the first sentence.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar が (2) けれども Bunpro がけど Wiktionary がけれども
文型ぶんけい	S+{が/けど}
例文れいぶん	パーティをしますが来きませんか。 We'll be having a party. Would you like to come? ロバートさんは私わたしのうちにも時々ときどき来きますがおもしろい人ひとですね。 Robert sometimes comes to my place, too. He's an interesting person, isn't he?

表現ひょうげんノート3. Short present+予定よていです Genki II: p.78-79

本文ほんぶん	この美術館びじゅつかん、あした行いく予定よていなんです。【Dialogue III: //.6】 We are planning to go to this museum tomorrow.
説明せつめい	You can add 予定よていです to a verb in the present tense short form when you want to say that something is scheduled to take place. 私わたしは今度こんどの週末しゅうまつに韓国かんこくに行いく予定よていです。 I am scheduled to go to Korea this coming weekend. 兄あには九月くがつに結婚けっこんする予定よていです。 My big brother is scheduled to get married this September. You can also use 予定よていです with verbs in the negative. あしたは学校がっこうに来こない予定よていです。 I am not planning to come to school tomorrow.
補足ほそく	Bunpro 予定よていだ Wiktionary 予定よてい
英訳えいやく	schedule; plan
文型ぶんけい	short+予定よてい{です／だ}

表現ひょうげんノート4. 見みえる/見みられる and 聞きこえる/聞きける Genki II: p.79

説明せつめい

見みえる is different from 見みられる, the regular potential form of 見みる. 見みえる means "something or someone is spontaneously visible"; 見みられる, on the other hand, means that the subject of the sentence can see something or someone actively rather than passively.

部屋へやの窓まどから海うみが見みえます。

I can see the ocean from the window of the room.

どこであの映画えいがが見みられますか。

Where can I see that movie?

The difference between 聞きこえる and 聞きける is the same. 聞きこえる means "something is spontaneously audible." On the other hand, 聞きける, the potential form of 聞きく, means that the subject of the sentence can hear the sound actively.

けさ、鳥とりの声こえが聞きこえました。

This morning, I heard the birds chirping.

インターネットで日本にほんのラジオ番組ばんぐみが聞きけます。

We can listen to Japanese radio programs on the internet.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

Bunpro

見みえる

聞きこえる

Wiktionary

英訳えいやく

見みえる = be visible; (can) see; look
見みられる = can see
聞きこえる = be audible; (can) hear; it sounds
聞きける = can hear

表現ひょうげんノート5. ～目め Genki II: p.79

説明せつめい

The suffix 目め turns a number into a reference to a position in a series, like first, second, third, fourth, etc. To use it, simply affix it to the end of a Number+Counter combination.

	first	second	third
～人目	一人ひとり目め (first person)	二人ふたり目め (second person)	三人さんにん目め (third person)
～枚目	一枚いちまい目め (first sheet)	二枚にまい目め (second sheet)	三枚さんまい目め (third sheet)
～年目	一年いちねん目め (first year)	二年にねん目め (second year)	三年さんねん目め (third year)
～日目	一日いちにち目め (first day)	二日ふっか目め (second day)	三日みっか目め (third day)

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

目め

Wiktionary

め

英訳えいやく

-st, -nd, -rd, or -th, suffix for ordinal numbers (e.g. 8th or eighth, 9th or ninth)

文型ぶんけい

Number+Counter目め

例文れいぶん

メアリーさんは一番目いちばんめに演奏えんそうします。

Mary will be the first to perform.
一回目いっかいめは失敗しっぱいしました。

I failed the first time.
この日本語にほんごプログラムは今年ことしで五年目ごねんめになります。

This Japanese program is in its fifth year this year.

1. ～てあげる/てくれる/てもらう Genki II: p.96-97

本文ほんぶん

駅員えきいんさんが探さがしてくれたんです。【Dialogue III: //.2】
A station attendant found it for me.
駅員えきいんさんに宿題しゅくだいを手伝てつだってもらいましたから。【Dialogue III: //.6】
That's because the station attendant helped me.

説明せつめい

In Lesson 14 we learned that the verbs あげる, くれる, and もらう describe transactions of things. Here we will learn the use of these words as helping verbs. When these verbs follow the te-form of a verb, they describe the giving and receiving of services.

verb	direction	meaning
te-form + くれる	for me or somebody close to me	Somebody does something for me. You do something for me. Somebody does something for you.
te-form + あげる	for somebody other than me	Somebody does something for somebody else.
te-form + あげる	for somebody other than me	I do something for you. You do something for others. I do something for others.

We use the te-form + あげる when we do something for the sake of others, or somebody does something for somebody else. The addition of the helping verb あげる does not change the basic meaning of the sentences, but puts the focus on the fact that the actions were performed "on demand" or "as a favor."

私わたしは妹いもうとにお金かねを貸かしてあげました。
cf. 私わたしは妹いもうとにお金かねを貸かしました。 [an objective statement]

I (generously) lent my sister money (to help her out of her destitute conditions).
cf. I lent my sister money.

ななみさんはヤスミンさんを駅えきに連つれていってあげました。
cf. ななみさんはヤスミンさんを駅えきに連つれていきました。 [an objective statement]

Nanami (kindly) took Yasmin to the station (because she would be lost if left all by herself).
cf. Nanami took Yasmin to the station.

Note that in あげる sentences the nouns referring to the beneficiaries are accompanied by whatever particle the main verb calls for. 貸かす goes with the particle に, while 連つれていく goes with を. These particles are retained in the あげる sentences.
When you want to add the idea of "doing somebody a favor" to a verb which does not have the place for the beneficiary, you can use ～のために.

私わたしはゆいさんのために買かい物ものに行いきました。
cf. 私わたしは買かい物ものに行いきました。

I went shopping for Yui.
cf. I went shopping.

We use くれる when somebody does something for us.

友達ともだちが宿題しゅくだいを手伝てつだってくれます。

A friend helps me with my homework (for which I am grateful).

親しんせきがりんごを送おくってくれました。

A relative sent me apples. (I feel so lucky.)

The beneficiary is almost always understood to be the speaker in くれる sentences. Therefore it usually does not figure grammatically. If you have to explicitly state who received the benefit, you can follow the same strategies employed in あげる sentences. That is, if the main verb has the place for the person receiving the benefit, keep the particle that goes with it. The verb 連つれていく calls for を, while 教おしえる calls for に, for example.

ななみさんが私わたしを駅えきに連つれていってくれました。
(Compare: 私わたしを駅えきに連つれていく)

Nanami took me to the station.

たけしさんが私わたしに漢字かんじを教おしえてくれました。
(Compare: 私わたしに漢字かんじを教おしえる)

Takeshi taught me that kanji.

If the main verb does not have the place for the person, use ～のために. 掃除そうじする is one such verb.

けんさんが私のために部屋を掃除してくれました。

Ken cleaned the room for me.

We use the te-form + もらう to say that we get, persuade, or arrange for, somebody to do something for us. In other words, we "receive" somebody's favor. The person performing the action for us is accompanied by the particle に.

私わたしは友達ともだちに宿題しゅくだいを手伝てつだってもらいました。

I got a friend of mine to help me with my homework.

Compare the last sentence with the くれる version below. They describe more or less the same event, but the subjects are different. In もらう sentences, the subject is the beneficiary. In くれる sentences, the subject is the benefactor.

友達ともだちが宿題しゅくだいを手伝てつだってくれました。

A friend of mine helped me with my homework.

Sometimes, a もらう sentence simply acknowledges a person's goodwill in doing something for us. For example, you can say the following, even if you had not actively asked for any assitance. (The sentence is of course okay with the "get somebody to do" interpretation.)

私わたしは知しらない人ひとに漢字かんじを読よんでもらいました。

I am glad that a stranger read the kanji for me.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

Tobira: Gateway to Advanced Japanese

～ため(に)【purpose】

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

Wiktionary

英訳えいやく

てあげる = do something for someone; do someone a favor by doing something
てくれる = do something (for me or someone); do me or someone a favor by doing something
てもらう = receive benefit from an action by someone; have something done by someone; have someone do something
～ために = in order to; to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of

文型ぶんけい

～て{あげる/くれる/もらう}

練習れんしゅう

2. ～ていただけませんか Genki II: p.98

本文ほんぶん	あのう、先生せんせい、宿題しゅくだいをあしたまで待まっていただけませんか。【Dialogue I: //.5】 Um, Professor Yamashita, as for the homework, could you please wait until tomorrow?
説明せつめい	We will learn three new ways to make a request. They differ in degrees of politeness shown to the person you are asking. 　～ていただけませんか (polite)　　～てくれませんか　　～てくれない？ (causal)　 We use the te-form of a verb + いただけませんか to make a polite request. This is more appropriate than ください when you request a favor from a nonpeer such as your professor or your boss or from a stranger. 手伝てつだっていただけませんか。 Would you lend me a hand? いただけませんか comes from いただける, the potential verb, which in turn comes from いただく, "to receive (something or a favor) from somebody higher up." This is touched upon more in Lesson 20. We also have くださいませんか, which comes from the verb くださる, "somebody higher up gives me (something or a favor)." ください is historically a truncation of くださいませんか. The variants of the いただけませんか pattern are listed in what is felt by most native speakers to be the order of decreasing politeness. In addition to these, each verb can be used in the affirmative as well as in the negative. ～ていただけませんか　(いただける, the potential verb for いただく) ～てくださいませんか　(くださる) ～てもらえませんか　　(もらえる, the potential verb for もらう) ～てくれませんか　　　(くれる) ～てもらえない？　　　(もらえる, in the short form) ～てくれない？　　　　(くれる, in the short form) The te-form + くれませんか is a request which is roughly equal in the degree of politeness to ください. くれませんか of course comes from the verb くれる. This is probably the form most appropriate in the host-family context. ちょっと待まってくれませんか。 Will you wait for a second? You can use the te-form + くれない, or the te-form by itself, to ask for a favor in a very casual way. This is good for speaking with members of your peer group. それ取とってくれない？　or　それ取とって Pick that thing up (and pass it to me), will you?
補足ほそく	Bunpro ～ていただけませんか
英訳えいやく	will you?; would you?
文型ぶんけい	～ていただけませんか
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～ていただけませんか Workbook: ～ていただけませんか

3. ～といい Genki II: p.99

本文ほんぶん

見みつかるといいですね。【Dialogue I: //.7】
I hope you find it.

説明せつめい

You can use the present tense short form + といいですね (polite) or といいね (casual) to say that you hope something nice happens. When you say といいですね or といいね, you are wishing for the good luck of somebody other than yourself. It is composed of the conditional particle と (if/when) + いい (good/nice), with ね tagged on when you express your hopes for another. So, Xといいですね literally means "It would be good/nice if X."

いいアルバイトが見みつかるといいですね。

I hope you find a good part-time job.

雨あめが降ふらないといいね。

I hope it doesn't rain.

To say what you hope for, for your own good, you can use といいんですが (polite) or といいんだけど (casual). These endings show the speaker's attitude is more tentative and make the sentence sound more modest.

試験しけんがやさしいといいんですが。

I am hoping that the exam is easy.

八時はちじの電車でんしゃに乗のれるといいんだけど。

I hope I can catch the eight o'clock train.

If I hope that you do something for me, that is, if I want to make an indirect request, we use てくれる before といいんですが, as in:

ソラさんが来きてくれるといいんですが。

I hope Sora will come.

　(short, present)と　

　いいですね/いいね　
　いいんですが/いいんだけど　

　=　

　I hope... (for you/them)　
　I hope... (for myself)　

Note that all these といい sentences mean that you are hoping that something nice happens. This means that these patterns cannot be used in cases where you hope to do something nice, which is under your control. In such cases, you can usually turn the verb into the potential form.

大学だいがくに行いけるといいんですが。
Compare: ×大学だいがくに行いくといいんですが。

I am hoping to go to college.
(= I am hoping that I can go to college.)

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

と

Bunpro

といい

Wiktionary

と
いい

英訳えいやく

～といいですね = I hope... (for you/them)
～といいんですが I hope... (for myself)

文型ぶんけい

a. short-presentといい(です)ね
b. short-presentといいん{ですが/だけど}

練習れんしゅう

4. ～時とき Genki II: p.99-102

本文ほんぶん

電車でんしゃを降おりる時とき、忘わすれたと思おもうんですが。【Dialogue II: //.3】
I think I forgot it when I got off the train.

説明せつめい

We use the word 時とき to describe when something happens or happened.

　sentence A 時、　
　(time reference)　

　sentence B。　
　(main event)　

　=　

　When A, B.　

Sentence A always ends with a short form, either in the present tense or the past tense. You can decide which tense to use in A by doing a simple thought experiment. Place yourself at the time the main event B takes place, and imagine how you would describe the event in A. If A is current or yet to happen, use the present tense in A. If A has already taken place, use the past tense. Of course, the grammar of the 時とき temporal clauses in reality has more twists and quirks than are shown here, but this should be a good enough start.

The present tense in A
If, at the time the main event B takes place, A is current or is still "in the future," use the present tense in A.

チベットに行いく時とき、ビザを取とります。

When I go to Tibet [=A], I will get a visa [=B].

Timeline
A:	going to Tibet -------------------\|-----------	チベットに行いく時とき
B:	-----------\|------------------- getting a visa	ビザを取とります。

Note that as long as the event A occurs after the event B, the clause A gets the present tense (行いく), irrespective of the tense in clause B (取とります or 取とりました). In the example below, the whole sequence of events has been shifted to the past: at the time you applied for the visa (=B), the departure (=A) was yet to be realized. The temporal order between the two events is exactly the same as in the example above, hence the present tense of 行いく. Note especially that we use the present tense in A, even if the two events took place in the past.

チベットに行いく時とき、ビザを取とりました。

When I was going to Tibet [=A], I got a visa [=B].

Observe more examples of this tense combination below.

寝ねる時とき、電気でんきを消けします。

When I go to sleep, I turn off the light.
(You turn off the light [=B], and then go to bed [=A].)

出でかける時とき、ドアにかぎをかけました。

When I went out, I locked the door.
(You locked the door [=B], and then went out [=A].)

Clause A also gets the present tense when the state of A holds true when the event of B takes place.

さびしい時とき、友達ともだちに電話でんわします。

I call up friends when I am lonely.

Timeline
A:	feeling lonely ---------------\|---------------	さびしい時とき
B:	---------------\|--------------- make phone calls	友達ともだちに電話でんわします。

If A is a verbal idea (action) and describes an ongoing event during which B takes or took place, the verb in A is in the ている form. In the example below, the phone call event (=B) occurs in the middle of watching TV (=A).

テレビを見みている時とき、友達ともだちから電話でんわがありました。

A phone call came when I was watching TV.

Timeline
A:	watching TV --------\|------------\|--------	テレビを見みている時とき
B:	---------------\|--------------- phone call	友達ともだちから電話でんわがありました。

Note in this connection that it is wrong to use the following sentence pattern, because 行いっている does not describe an ongoing event but is a description of the result of "going," that is, being in a faraway place after going (see Lesson 7).

×沖縄おきなわに行いっている時とき、飛行機ひこうきに乗のりました。
(Should be: 沖縄おきなわに行いく時とき、飛行機ひこうきに乗のりました。)

I went by plane when I was going to Okinawa.

Note that な-adjectives take な, and nouns take の before 時とき.

寒さむい時とき、頭あたまが痛いたくなります。

I get a headache when it's cold.

元気げんきな時とき、公園こうえんを走はしります。

I jog in the park when I feel good.

犬いぬが病気びょうきの時とき、病院びょういんに連つれていきました。

I took the dog to a vet when it was sick.

The past tense in A
If, at the time of main event B, A is already "in the past," use the past tense in A. Note that we use the past tense event when the two events are yet to take place; it is the order of the two that matters. In the example below, you will have already arrived in China (=A) at the time you buy tea (=B).

中国ちゅうごくに行いった時とき、ウーロン茶ちゃを買かいます。

I will buy oolong tea when I go to China.

中国ちゅうごくに行いった時とき、ウーロン茶ちゃを買かいました。

I bought oolong tea when I went to China.

Timeline
A:	going to China -----------\|-------------------	中国ちゅうごくに行いった時とき
B:	-------------------\|----------- buying oolong tea	ウーロン茶ちゃを買かい{ます/ました}。

疲つかれた時とき、ゆっくりお風呂ふろに入はいります。

When I have gotten tired, I take a long bath.
(You get tired [=A], and then take a bath [=B].)

財布さいふを忘わすれた時とき、友達ともだちにお金かねを借かりました。

When I had forgotten to bring my wallet, I borrowed money from a friend.
(You found out about your wallet missing [=A], and then decided to borrow money [=B].)

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

時とき

Bunpro

時とき

英訳えいやく

when

文型ぶんけい

a. {V-short/A}時とき
b. ANa+{な/だった}時とき
c. N+{の/だった}時とき

練習れんしゅう

5. ～てすみませんでした Genki II: p.102

本文ほんぶん

失礼しつれいします。先生せんせい、今日きょう授業じゅぎょうに来こられなくてすみませんでした。【Dialogue I: //.1】
Excuse me. Professor Yamashita, I'm sorry that I couldn't come to class today.
これ、宿題しゅくだいです。遅おそくくなってすみませんでした。【Dialogue III: //.4】
This is the homework. I'm sorry it's late.

説明せつめい

You use the te-form of a verb plus すみませんでした (polite) or ごめん (casual) to describe the things you have done that you want to apologize for.

汚きたない言葉ことばを使つかってすみませんでした。

I'm sorry for using foul language.

デートの約束やくそくを忘わすれてごめん。

Sorry that I stood you up.

　～て　

　すみませんでした (polite)　
　ごめん (casual)　

　=　

　Sorry for doing...　

When you want to apologize for something you have failed to do, you use ～なくて, the short, negative te-form of a verb. (To derive the form, first turn the verb into the short, negative ～ない, and then replace the last い with くて.)

宿題しゅくだいを持もってこなくてすみませんでした。

I'm sorry for not bringing my homework.

もっと早はやく言いわなくてごめん。

Sorry that I did not tell you earlier.

The past tense version of すみませんでした implies that you have made a clean break from the mistake that you made, while the present tense すみません is good if you consider that the problem still persists. You can use ごめん for both cases.

遅刻ちこくしてすみませんでした。

Sorry for being late for class. [After the class]

遅刻ちこくしてすみません。

Sorry for being late for class. [As you arrive at the classroom]

補足ほそく

Bunpro

～てすみません

英訳えいやく

Sorry for doing...

文型ぶんけい

～て{すみませんでした/ごめん}

練習れんしゅう

表現ひょうげんノート1. Adjective-stem+さ Genki II: p.103

説明せつめい	You can turn an い-adjective into a noun by replacing the last い with さ. Thus from 大おおきい you can get 大おおきさ (size). Other examples include やさしさ (kindness) and さびしさ (loneliness). Some な-adjectives can likewise be turned into nouns by replacing な with さ, as in 便利べんりさ (convenience).
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar さ Tobira: Gateway to Advanced Japanese Adjective-stem＋さ Bunpro さ Wiktionary さ
英訳えいやく	-ness; -ty; -ly
文型ぶんけい	Adjective-stem+さ
例文れいぶん	富士山ふじさんの高たかさは3,776メートルです。 The height of Mt. Fuji is 3,776 meters. スマホの便利べんりさはびっくりした。 The convenience of smart phones surprised me. かわいさは正義せいぎ！ Cuteness is justice!

表現ひょうげんノート2. おごる and ごちそうする Genki II: p.103

説明せつめい	おごる is mainly used among friends. ごちそうする is a polite alternative for おごる. Use ごちそうする instead when the person who will treat, or treated, you to a meal is a superior, such as a teacher or a business associate. ごちそうする refers to "invite for a meal" as well as "pay for a meal."
補足ほそく	Wiktionary 奢おごる馳走ちそう
英訳えいやく	to treat (someone) to a meal
例文れいぶん	週末しゅうまつ友達ともだちを呼よんで晩ばんご飯はんをごちそうしました。 I invited and treated my friends to dinner this weekend.

1. ～そうです (I hear)・～によると Genki II: p.118-119

本文ほんぶん

たけしさん、久ひさしぶりですね。旅行りょこう会社かいしゃに就職しゅうしょくしたそうですね。【Dialogue I: //.1】
Takeshi, long time no see. I've heard that you got a job at a travel agency.

説明せつめい

In Lesson 13, we discussed the sentence-final expression そうです, which means "seemingly." Here we will study another sentence-final そうです, which presents a "hearsay report." The two そうです differ not only in their semantics, but also in the forms of predicates they are attached to.

You can add the そうです of a report to a sentence ending in the short form. The そうです of report is robustly invariant. The only forms commonly used are そうです and the more casual そうだ. We do not use the negative そうじゃないです, and the past tense version そうでした.

If you heard someone say:		You can report it as:
「日本語にほんごの授業じゅぎょうは楽たのしいです。」 "Our Japanese class is fun."		日本語にほんごの授業じゅぎょうは楽たのしいそうです。 I've heard their Japanese class is fun.
「先生せんせいはとても親切しんせつです。」 "Our professor is very kind."		先生せんせいはとても親切しんせつだそうです。 I've heard that their professor is very kind.
「今日きょうは授業じゅぎょうがありませんでした。」 "We did not have a class today."		今日きょうは授業じゅぎょうがなかったそうです。 I've heard that they didn't have a class that day.

When we use そうです, the reported speech retains the tense and the polarity of the original utterance. We simply turn the predicates into their short forms. (Thus です after a な-adjective or a noun changes to だ, while です after an い-adjective is left out.) Compare the paradigms of the two そうです.

～そうです		I hear that...	It looks like...
verbs:	話はなす	話はなすそうです	＿
い-adjectives:	さびしい	さびしいそうです	さびしそうです
な-adjectives:	好すきだ	好すきだそうです	好すきそうです
noun+です	学生がくせいだ	学生がくせいだそうです	＿

To specify the information source, you can preface a sentence with the phrase ～によると, as in トムさんによると (according to Tom), 新聞しんぶんによると (according to the newspaper report), and 天気予報てんきよほうによると (according to the weather forecast).

天気予報てんきよほうによると、台風たいふうが来くるそうです。

According to the weather forecast, a typhoon is approaching.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

Bunpro

Wiktionary

英訳えいやく

～そうです = I've heard that...
～によると = according to...

文型ぶんけい

a. {V/A}+そう{です/だ}
b. {N/ANa}だ+そう{です/だ}

a2. Nによると

練習れんしゅう

2. ～って Genki II: p.119

本文ほんぶん	忙いそがしすぎてメアリーとデートする時間じかんもないって。【Dialogue II: //.5】 He said that he's too busy and doesn't have time to go out with Mary.
説明せつめい	In informal speech, you can add って at the end of a sentence, instead of そうです, to quote what you have heard. って is the informal variant of the quotation particle と and follows the short forms in much the same way as と言いっていました and そうです. So, when your friend Mary says: 「今日きょうは忙いそがしいです。あした、試験しけんがあるんです。」 "I'm busy today. I have an exam tomorrow." You can report it as: メアリーさん、今日きょうは忙いそがしいって。あした、試験しけんがあるんだって。 Mary says she's busy today. She says she has an exam tomorrow. って and と can also follow the long forms as well as sentence final particles like か, ね, and よ, if your intent is to quote verbatim, preserving the style and tone of the original utterance. You can also use って in place of the quotation particle と before verbs like 言いう. ロバートさんは何なんて言いってた？ What did Robert say? チョコレートを食たべすぎたって言いってた。 He said he ate too much chocolate. Note that って changes to て when it comes after ん. Lastly, one final important point to note is that って can replace the topic particle は in casual speech. The meaning is essentially the same as は, but in certain contexts it can be interpreted as "speaking of...." 宮崎駿みやざきはやおのアニメっていいよね。 Hayao Miyazaki's animations are great, aren't they? たけしって、就職しゅうしょくしたね。 Speaking of Takeshi, he found a job, didn't he?
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar って (2) (と variant) って (1) (は variant) Tobira: Gateway to Advanced Japanese って (は variant) Bunpro って (と variant) って (は variant) Wiktionary って
英訳えいやく	って (と variant) = he/she says/said...; I hear that... って (は variant) = speaking of...; as for...
文型ぶんけい	a. Sって (と variant) b. Nって (は variant)
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～って Workbook: ～そうです (I hear)／～って

3. ～たら Genki II: p.119-121

本文ほんぶん

旅行会社りょこうかいしゃに入はいったら、旅行りょこうができると思おもったんです。【Dialogue I: //.12】
I thought that I could travel around if I joined a travel agency.

説明せつめい

たら is one of the several words in Japanese that refer to conditional (if) dependence. We learned one use of this word in Lesson 14: たらどうですか used in recommending an activity to the listener. たらどうですか literally translates to "how is it if?" When we say "AたらB," we mean that the event, action, or situation in B is realized if and when the condition in A is met.

日本にほんに行いったら、着物きものを買かいます。

I will buy a kimono if/when I go to Japan.

The initial た in たら comes from the short form past tense endings of predicates.

～たら	short form (aff.) short form (neg.)	～たら (if...)
verbs:	読よむ読よまない	読よんだら読よまなかったら
い-adjectives:	やさしいやさしくない	やさしかったらやさしくなかったら
な-adjectives:	静しずかだ静しずかじゃない	静しずかだったら静しずかじゃなかったら
noun+です:	休やすみだ休やすみじゃない	休やすみだったら休やすみじゃなかったら

Sometimes, the clause before たら describes a possible condition and the clause after it the consequence which then follows. Whether or not the condition is actually met is largely an open issue with this set of sentences.

山下先生やましたせんせいに会あったら、そのことを聞きこうと思おもいます。

I will ask about it, if I see Professor Yamashita.

日本人にほんじんだったら、この言葉ことばを知しっているでしょう。

If somebody is a Japanese person, then they will probably know this word.

天気てんきがよくなかったら、キャンプに行いきません。

We will not go camping, if the weather is not good.

Note that when you say "AたらB," you cannot express a sequence of events in which B occurs before A; B can only take place at the time A comes true or later. You cannot therefore use たら to describe an "if" sentence like the following. ("B" = this weekend, which comes before "A" = next week.)

×来週らいしゅう試験しけんがあったら、今度こんどの週末しゅうまつは勉強べんきょうしたほうがいいですよ。

It will be better for you to study this weekend, if you have an exam next week.

Sometimes, the たら clause describes a very probable condition, and the second clause describes the event that will take place as soon as the situation is realized. With this type of sentence, たら simply arranges future events and activites in a temporal sequence.

宿題しゅくだいが終おわったら、遊あそびに行いきましょう。

Let's go out and have some fun once we are done with our homework.

Note that the very same sentences could be interpreted in this way or in the way shown earlier. The difference lies not in the sentences themselves, but in the different ways the real world could possibly be. With the last example above, if you think that you can finish your homework in due course, the sentence means that you want to go out when it is done. If you are not sure whether you can finish your homework, the sentence describes what you will do if it gets finished.

Finally, the たら clause can describe a condition that is unreal and contrary to fact. With this type of sentence, you express a purely hypothetical condition and its probable result.

私わたしが猫ねこだったら、一日中いちにちじゅう寝ねているでしょう。

If I were a cat, I would be asleep all day long.

百万円ひゃくまんえんあったら、車くるまを買かうんですけど。

If I had a million yen, I would buy a car.

Throughout the uses of the たら conditional clauses discussed here, one thing remains constant: AたらB can only describe a conditional dependency that holds naturally between A and B. You cannot describe with たら an "if" dependency of the "B even if A" type, where B holds in spite of A. We will learn about "even if" sentences in Lesson 23.

あなたが結婚けっこんしたかったら, 私わたしは結婚けっこんしません。

I will not marry you even if you want to.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

たら

Bunpro

たら

Wiktionary

たら

英訳えいやく

if; when

文型ぶんけい

a. short-past+ら
b. Aたら
c. {N/ANa}だったら

練習れんしゅう

4. ～なくてもいいです Genki II: p.121

本文ほんぶん	私わたしの友達ともだちの会社かいしゃは休やすみが多おおくて、残業ざんぎょうをしなくてもいいそうですよ。【Dialogue I: //.7-8】 At my friend's company, there are many holidays, and they don't have to work overtime, I heard.
説明せつめい	To describe what you do not need to do, take a negative sentence in the short form, drop the final い of ない, and add なくてもいいです. もcan be omitted in casual speech, allowing you to simply say なくていい. なくて is the negative te-form, which we studied in Grammar 5 in Lesson 16. 靴くつを脱ぬがなくてもいいです。 You do not need to take off your shoes. プレゼントは高たかくなくてもいいです。 The present does not need to be anything exprensive. 　～ない　　～なくてもいいです　=　do not need to...
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar なくて Bunpro なくてなくてもいい
英訳えいやく	do not need to...; do not have to...
文型ぶんけい	V-nai+なくて(も)いい(です)
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～なくてもいいです Workbook: ～なくてもいいです

5. ～みたいです Genki II: p.122

本文ほんぶん	ずいぶん疲つかれているみたい。【Dialogue II: //.3】 He looked very tired.
説明せつめい	みたいです follows a noun and expresses the idea that something or somebody resembles the thing or the person described by the noun. The resemblance noted is usually in terms of external characteristics, but not necessarily so. 私わたしの父ちちはカーネルおじさんみたいです。 My dad looks/acts like Colonel Sanders, the KFC founder. みたいです can also follow a verb and expresses the idea that something "appears to be the case." It can follow the short form of the present tense and the past tense, both in the affirmative and in the negative. 雨あめが降ふったみたいですね。 It looks like it has rained, doesn't it? あの人ひとはおなかがすいているみたいです。 It looks like that person is hungry. あの人ひとはきのうの夜よる寝ねなかったみたいです。 It looks like that person did not sleep last night. You can use みたいです about yourself, when you are not sure about the situation you are in. 財布さいふを忘わすれたみたいです。 It looks like I have left my wallet at home. 　noun/verb + みたいです　=　It looks like...　みたいです can follow adjectives too, but it is far more common to use そうです with adjectives. See Lesson 13 for the adjective base + そうです construction.
補足ほそく	Bunpro みたい Wiktionary みたい
英訳えいやく	it looks like...
文型ぶんけい	{N/short}みたい(です/だ)
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～みたいです Workbook: ～みたいです

6. ～前まえに/～てから Genki II: p.122-123

本文ほんぶん	会社かいしゃに入はいる前まえにどうしてもっと調しらべなかったんですか。【Dialogue I: //.11】 Why didn't you do more research before you joined the company? たけしさんが卒業そつぎょうしてからぜんぜん会あってないけど、元気げんきだった？【Dialogue II: //.2】 I haven't seen Takeshi since he graduated. How was he?
説明せつめい	You can use the present tense short form and 前まえに to describe the event before which something happens. 　verb A (short, present) + 前まえに verb B　=　B before A.　ジーンズを買かう前まえに、はいてみます。 I try on jeans before I buy them. 日本にほんに来くる前まえに、一学期いちがっき日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうしました。 I studied Japanese for one semester before I came to Japan. The verb that precedes 前まえに is always in the present tense, whether the tense of the overall sentence is in the present tense (as in the first example above) or in the past tense (as in the second example). To describe an event after which another thing happens, you can use the te-form of a verb + から. 　verb A + てから verb B　=　A, and then B. / B after A.　勉強べんきょうしてから、遊あそびに行いきました。 I studied and then went out. けんさんが来きてから、食たべましょう。 Why don't we eat after Ken has arrvied? An "AてからB" sentence can also describe the state of B that has held true since event A. 猫ねこが死しんでから、とてもさびしいです。 I have been feeling very lonely ever since my cat died.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar 前まえにから (2) Bunpro 前まえにてから Wiktionary 前まえにから
英訳えいやく	前まえに = before ～てから = after...; and then...; since...
文型ぶんけい	a. short-present前まえにV b. ～てからV
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～てから Practice: ～前に Workbook: ～前に／～てから

表現ひょうげんノート1. よね Genki II: p.123

本文ほんぶん	やっぱりサラリーマンは大変たいへんだよね。【Dialogue II: //.4】 Office workers in Japan really have it tough, don't they?
説明せつめい	You can add よね to a statement if both you and the person you are speaking to know about the situation equally well. Compare よ, ね, and よね. In the following examples. サラリーマンは大変たいへんだよ。 You may not know this because you're still a student, but working for a company is tough. (Said by an office working to a student) サラリーマンは大変たいへんだね。 I see that you are very tired. Working for a company is tough, huh? (Said by a student to an office worker.) サラリーマンは大変たいへんだよね。 Working for a company is tough, isn't it? (A comment made between students or office workers.)
英訳えいやく	isn't it?; isn't that right?
文型ぶんけい	Sよね
例文れいぶん	日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうするのが楽たのしいですよね。 Studying Japanese is fun, isn't it? この教科書きょうかしょはメアリーの、よね？ This textbook is Mary's, right?

1. Transitivity Pairs Genki II: p.140

本文ほんぶん

すみません。しょうゆを落おとしちゃったんです。ごめんなさい。【Dialogue II: //.1】
Excuse me. I dropped the soy sauce. I'm sorry.
いいえ、大丈夫だいじょうぶです。あっ、スカートが汚よごれてしまいましたね。【Dialogue II: //.2】
Please don't worry. Oh, your skirt has become dirty, hasn't it?

説明せつめい

Some verbs describe situations in which people act on things. For example, I open the door, you turn on the TV, and he broke the computer. Such verbs are called, "transitive verbs." Some other verbs describe changes that things or people undergo. For example, the door opens, the TV goes on, and the computer breaks down. These verbs are called "intransitive verbs."

While most verbs are loners and do not have a counterpart of the opposite transitivity, some important verbs come in pairs.

Transitive		Intransitive
開あける	open something	開あく	something opens
閉しめる	close something	閉しまる	something closes
入いれる	put something in	入はいる	something goes inside
出だす	take something out	出でる	something goes out
つける	turn something on	つく	something goes on
消けす	turn something off; extinguish something	消きえる	something goes off
壊こわす	break something	壊こわれる	something breaks
汚よごす	make something dirty	汚よごれる	something becomes dirty
落おとす	drop something	落おちる	something drops
沸わかす	boil water	沸わく	water boils

Transitive verbs call for both the subject (agent) and the object (the thing that is acted upon). Intransitive verbs call only for the subject (the thing or the person that goes through the change.)

たけしさんが電気でんきをつけました。
Takeshi turned the light on.

電気でんきがつきました。
The light came on.

たけしさんがお湯ゆを沸わかしました。
Takeshi boiled the water.

お湯ゆが沸わきました。
The water boiled.

In short, transitive verbs often take an object with を, whereas intransitive verbs often take a subject with が. Granted, this isn't always a foolproof method of identifying the type of verb, because transitive verbs can be used without an object when the object has already been previously mentioned, such as 食べる, for example:

メアリー

あれ？私わたしの弁当べんとうはどこ？

ロバート

あのう…たけしが食たべた。

Mary

Huh? Where's my bento?

Robert

Uh... Takeshi ate it.

補足ほそく

Bunpro

他動詞たどうし・自動詞じどうし

Wiktionary

文型ぶんけい

a. (Aが)Bをtransitive verb
b. Aがintransitive verb

練習れんしゅう

2. Paired Intransitive Verbs + ている Genki II: p.141

本文ほんぶん

まず、冷蔵庫れいぞうこに野菜やさいが入はいっているから、出だしておいて。【Dialogue I: //.4】
First of all, the vegetables are in the refrigerator, so take them out.
それから、外そとの電気でんきはついている？【Dialogue I: //.5】
Then, is the outside light on?

説明せつめい

Transitive verbs describe activities, while intransitive verbs describe changes. They behave differently when they are followed by the helping verb ている. Let us first recall that activity verbs (話はなす, for example) + ている refer to actions in progress, while change verbs (結婚けっこんする, for example) + ている refer to the states resulting from a change, as we learned in Lesson 7.

ソラさんは今いま、友達ともだちと話はなしています。(activity, action in progress)

Sora is talking with a friend right now.

山下先生やましたせんせいは結婚けっこんしています。(change, resulting state)

Professor Yamashita is married.

Similarly, when following by ている, transitive verbs refer to actions in progress, while intransitive verbs refer to states that hold true after a change has taken place.

Transitive (action in progress)	Intransitive (result of a change)
ウデイさんは窓まどを開あけています。 Uday is opening the windows.	窓まどが開あいています。 The windows are open.
ともさんは電気でんきを消けしています。 Tomo is turning off the light.	電気でんきは消きえています。 The light is off.
ゴジラが町まちを壊こわしています。 Godzilla is destroying the city.	このパソコンは壊こわれています。 This computer is broken.

練習れんしゅう

3. ～てしまう Genki II: p.141-142

本文ほんぶん

すみません。しょうゆを落おとしちゃったんです。ごめんなさい。【Dialogue II: //.1】
Excuse me. I dropped the soy sauce (by accident). I'm sorry.
いいえ、大丈夫だいじょうぶです。あっ、スカートが汚よごれてしまいましたね。【Dialogue II: //.2】
Please don't worry. Oh, your skirt has become a total mess, hasn't it?

説明せつめい

The te-form of a verb + しまう has two meanings, which at first might appear rather incongruous. In the first instance, しまう indicates that one "carries out with determination" a plan described by the verb. It typically involves bringing something to a culmination. You, in other words, do something completely, or finish doing something, or have something done.

本ほんを読よんでしまいました。

I read the book completely. / I finished reading the book.

The second meaning of しまう is "lack of premediation or control over how things turn out." This often comes with the sense of regret; something regrettable happens, or you do something which you did not intend to do.

電車でんしゃの中なかにかばんを忘わすれてしまいました。

I inadvertently left my bag on the train.

宿題しゅくだいを忘わすれたので、先生せんせいは怒おこってしまいました。

To my horror, my professor got angry because I had forgotten my homework.

Since しまう goes with the verbal te-form, which is affirmative, it only gives us sentences meaning that something regrettable does or did happen. In other words, we cannot express negated ideas with しまう such as "regrettably, X did not take place" or "unfortunately, I did not do X."

　～てしまう　

　=　

　1. finish doing　
　2. regrettably　

Both nuanced meanings focus on the discrepancy between what we intend and what the world is like when it is left on its own. A しまう sentence may be ambiguous between the two meanings. How a given しまう sentence should be interpreted depends on the assumptions the speaker has when uttering it. For example, the "finished reading" sentence above can be read as meaning "regrettably" just as easily if you read the book although you had not planned to, or knowing that it was wrong but unable to resist the temptation.

In speech, ～てしまう and ～でしまう are often contracted to ～ちゃう and ～じゃう, respectively.

宿題をなくしちゃった。

I lost my homework!

食たべてしまいました		食たべちゃいました
食たべてしまった		食たべちゃった
飲のんでしまいました		飲のんじゃいました
飲のんでしまった		飲のんじゃった

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

しまう

Bunpro

～てしまう

Wiktionary

しまう

英訳えいやく

completely; regrettably; to finish completely; to do something by accident

文型ぶんけい

～てしまう

練習れんしゅう

4. ～と Genki II: p.142-143

本文ほんぶん	夕方ゆうがたになると忙いそがしくなるから、頼たのむよ。【Dialogue I: //.1-2】 Whenever evening comes, it gets busy, so I'm counting on you.
説明せつめい	The present tense short form of a predicate + と means whenever the situation described by the predicate holds true, another thing happens. In most と sentences, the first clause describes the cause, and the second the effect. 私わたしはその人ひとと話はなすと元気げんきになる。 Whenever I talk with that person, I feel uplifted. 道みちが混こんでいると時間じかんがかかる。 Whenever the streets are crowded, it takes longer to get there. 　clause A と clause B。 =　Whenever A happens, B happens, too.　 Sometimes, a と sentence describes a cause-effect relationship between specific events. メアリーさんが国くにに帰かえるとさびしうくなります。 If Mary goes back home, we will be sad and lonely. While the clause that comes before と is always in the present tense, the second clause can be in the present or in the past tense. 私わたしは子供こどもの時とき、冬ふゆになると風邪かぜをひきました。 When I was young, whenever winter arrived, I caught a cold. The event described by the second clause must follow the event described in the first half of the sentence. Thus it is wrong to say: ×私わたしはその人ひとと話はなすとカフェに行いきます。 Whenever I talk with that person, we go to a cafe. If you want an adjective idea in the second clause, it is usually expressed as a change. It is very common therefore to find in the second clause an い-adjective base + くなる, and a な-adjective base + になる (see Lesson 10 for adjective + なる). 秋あきになると木きが赤あかくなります。 Whenever fall arrives, trees turn red. 夜よるになると町まちが静しずかになります。 Whenever night comes, the town becomes quiet.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar と (4) Bunpro と Wiktionary と
英訳えいやく	if; when; whenever
文型ぶんけい	short-presentと～
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～と Workbook: ～と

5. ～ながら Genki II: p.143-144

本文ほんぶん	あしたは学校がっこうあるんだろう。アルバイトをしながら学校がっこうに行いくのは大変たいへんだね。【Dialogue III: //.3-4】 You have school tomorrow, right? It's tough to go to school while holding a part-time job, isn't it?
説明せつめい	You can connect two verbs together with ながら to say that the two actions are performed at the same time. ながら follows a verb stem. The second verb, which goes after ながら, can be in any form. 私わたしはいつも音楽おんがくを聞ききながら日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうします。 I always study Japanese while listening to music. たけしさんは歌うたを歌うたいながら洗濯せんたくしています。 Takeshi is doing laundry while singing a song. アルバイトをしながら学校がっこうに行いくのは大変たいへんです。 It is not easy to go to school while working a part-time job. 　V1-stem + ながら、V2。 =　while V1-ing, V2.　 Note that the two verbs that flank ながら must be two actions performed by the same person. ながら, in other words, cannot describe an action performed while another person does something. In such a case, we would use 時とき instead, as shown below. ×メアリーが買かい物ものしながら、たけしは部屋へやを掃除そうじします。 While Mary does shopping, Takeshi cleans the room. Compare: メアリーが買かい物ものする時とき、たけしは部屋へやを掃除そうじします。
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar ながら Bunpro ながら Wiktionary ながら
英訳えいやく	while
文型ぶんけい	V1-stemながら、V2。
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～ながら Workbook: ～ながら

6. ～ばよかったです Genki II: p.144-145

本文ほんぶん

もっと勉強ベんきょうすればよかったなあ。【Dialogue III: //.6-7】
I should have studied more.

説明せつめい

ばよかったです means I wish I had done or I should have done something. You can use it to describe an alternative course of action you, to your great regret, did not take.
　Affirmative:　～ばよかった　=　I wish I had done...　
　Negative:　～なければよかった　=　I wish I had not done...　

あの時とき、「愛あいしている」と言いえばよかったです

I wish I had told her that I loved her.

彼女かのじょと別わかれなければよかったです。

I should not have broken up with her.

All verbs can regularly be turned into a ばよかったです sentence with no expection or irregularity. You form the ば-form on the basis of the present tense forms.

ば-form
Verbs in the affirmative: Drop the final -u and add -eba.
食たべる (tabe-ru)		食たべれば (tabe-r-eba)
行いく (ik-u)		行いけば (ik-eba)
待まつ		待まてば
買かう		買かえば
する		すれば
くる		くれば
Verbs in the negative: Drop the final -い and add -ければ.
食たべない		食たべなければ
行いかない		行いかなければ
待またない		待またなければ
買かわない		買かわなければ
しない		しなければ
こない		こなければ

We will learn more about the ば-forms used in broader contexts in Lesson 22.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

ばよかった

Bunpro

ばよかった

英訳えいやく

I wish I had done...; I wish I had not done...

文型ぶんけい

V-cond+よかった (V-cond = ば-form, see table above)

練習れんしゅう

表現ひょうげんノート1. おかげ Genki II: p.145

本文ほんぶん	今日きょうはジョンのおかげで、助たすかったよ。【Dialogue III: //.1】 Things went smoothly today thanks to you, John.
説明せつめい	Nounのおかげ(で) is used to express gratitude for something or to someone when things turn out as desired. 友達ともだちが書かいてくれた地図ちずのおかげで道みちに迷まよわなかった Thanks to the map my friend drew, I didn't get lost. 先生せんせい卒業そつぎょうおめでとう。学生がくせい先生せんせいのおかげす。 Professor Congratulations on your graduation. Student I owe it to you, Professor. The expression おかげさまで (lit., Thanks to you) is the proper response when asked 元気げんきですか. A 元気げんきですか。 B ええ、おかげさまで。 A How are you? B I'm fine, thanks to you. おかげさまで is also used to show appreciation for the addressee's help/support/concern. A 仕事しごとに慣なれましたか。 B ええ、おかげさまで、だいぶ慣なれました。 A Have you gotten used to the job? B Yes, I have gotten used to it mostly. Thank you for your concern.
補足ほそく	Tobira: Gateway to Advanced Japanese おかげ; せい Bunpro おかげで Wiktionary おかげ
英訳えいやく	thanks to...; because of...
文型ぶんけい	Nのおかげ(で)

1. Honorific Verbs Genki II: p.164-166

本文ほんぶん

何なにか召めし上あがってから、お帰かえりになりますか。【Dialogue I: //.6】
Would you like to eat something before going home?

説明せつめい

We use special verbs to describe the actions of people whom you respect. These special verbs are called honorific verbs, because they bestow honor upon, or exalt, the person performing the activity.

	Honorific verbs	Irregular conjugations
いる行いく来くる	いらっしゃる	いらっしゃいます
食たべる飲のむ	召めし上あがる
くれる	くださる	くださいます
する	なさる	なさいます
寝ねる	お休やすみになる
見みる	ご覧らんになる
言いう	おっしゃる	おっしゃいます
～ている	～ていらっしゃる	～ていらっしゃいます

All the honorific verbs listed above are u-verbs, but some of them have irregular conjugations. The long forms of いらっしゃる, おっしゃる, なさる, くださる, and ～ていらっしゃる end with います, instead of the expected ります.

In regards to 行いく, 来くる, etc., the replacement by the special verb いらっしゃる also applies to compound verbs like 待まって行いく and 連つれて来くる.

社長しゃちょうはお子こさんを会社かいしゃに連つれていらっしゃいました。

The president has brought her child to the office.

This replacement also applies to all compound verbs like 勉強べんきょうする as well as the main する verb.

申もうし訳わけございませんが、お嬢様じょうさまが勉強べんきょうなさっています。

I am sorry, but my lady is currently studying.

When we use an honorific verb instead of a normal verb, we will have sentences which mean that somebody graciously does something. Thus, we never use these verbs to describe our own actions. Instead, we use them when we talk about what is done by (1) somebody higher up in the social hierarchy, or (2) somebody whom you do not know very well, especially when addressing them directly.

先生せんせいは今日きょう学校がっこうにいらっしゃいません。
cf. 行いきません／来きません／いません

The professor will (graciously) not go to/come to/be at the school. (three-way ambiguous)

何なにを召めし上あがりますか。
cf. 食たべますか／飲のみますか

What will you (graciously) eat/drink?

田中たなかさんのお母かあさんがこの本ほんをくださいました。
cf. くれました

Ms. Tanaka's mother (graciously) gave me this book.

心配しんぱいなさらないでください。
cf. 心配しんぱいしないでください

Please don't (graciously) worry.

先生せんせいは十時じゅうじごろお休やすみになるそうです。
cf. 寝ねるそうです

I hear that the professor (graciously) goes to bed around 10.

社長しゃちょうはニュースをご覧らんになっています。
cf.

The president is (graciously) watching the news.

For the activities for which we lack special honorific verbs, we add the respect factor as follows:

(1) Using ていらっしゃいます instead of ています, if the sentence has the helping verb ている.

先生せんせいは電話でんわで話はなしていらっしゃいます。
(＜話はなしています)

The professor is (graciously) talking on the phone.

部長ぶちょうは疲つかれていらっしゃるみたいです。
(＜疲つかれているみたいです)

It appears that the department manager is (graciously) tired.

(2) Flanking a verb stem with お and になる.
　お + verb stem + になる　

先生せんせいはもうお帰かえりになりました。
(＜帰かえりました)

The professor has already (graciously) gone home.

この雑誌ざっしをお読よみになったことがありますか。
(＜読よんだことがありますか)

Have you ever (graciously) read this magazine?

どうぞお使つかいになってください。
(＜使つかってください)

Please (graciously) use it.

As the examples show, you can turn most combinations of a verb and a post-predicate expression into the honorific style by simply turning the verb into the honorific form. Post-predicate expressions, such as ことがあります and ください, remain unchanged. This rule also applies to expressions like てもいい and てはいけない, and to the potential verbs. It is, however, not considered in good taste to talk about what an "honorable" person can or cannot do, and must or must not do.
ている is exceptional in being a post-predicate that regularly undergoes the honorific style shift. Special honorific verbs generally take priority over ていらっしゃる, as seen in the ご覧らんになっています example above, but forms like 見みていらっしゃいます are also considered acceptable.

補足ほそく

Bunpro

Wiktionary

文型ぶんけい

a. (see chart above for verb replacements)
b. お+V-stem+になる

練習れんしゅう

2. Giving Respectful Advice (お～ください) Genki II: p.166

本文ほんぶん	少々しょうしょうお待まちください。【Dialogue II: //.3】 Please wait a moment.
説明せつめい	You may hear the form "お + verb stem + ください" in public service announcements and in the speech of store attendants. 　お + verb stem + ください　切符きっぷをお取とりください。 (＜取とる) Please take a ticket. 説明せつめいをお読よみください。 (＜読よむ) Please read the instruction. Although such sentences end with ください, it is better to consider that they are (courteously phrased) commands, rather than requests. When somebody tells you お～ください, you are being encouraged to perform the actions for your own good. Thus if I want somebody to pass the salt for me it is wrong to say: 塩しおをお取とりください。 Please take the salt (and pass it to me). You should instead say: 塩しおを取とっていただけませんか。 With most する compound verbs, for example, the prefix ご is used instead of お. Note also the examples with special honorific verbs below. ご注意ちゅういください。 (＜注意ちゅういする) Please watch out. ご覧らんください。 (＜ご覧らんになる＜見みる) Please look. お召めし上あがりください。 (＜召めし上あがる＜食たべる) Please help yourself. お休やすみください。 (＜お休やすみになる＜寝ねる) Please have a good rest.
補足ほそく	Bunpro お～ください
英訳えいやく	Please...
文型ぶんけい	a. お + V-stem + ください b. ご + VN + ください
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Giving Respectful Advice Workbook: Honorific Verbs 3・Giving Respectful Advice

3. ～てくれてありがとう Genki II: p.167

本文ほんぶん

うちまで送おくってくれてありがとう。【Dialogue III: //.1】
Thank you for giving me a ride home.
いいえ。今日きょうはごちそうしてくださってありがとうございました。【Dialogue III: //.2】
Not at all. Thank you very much for paying for dinner.

説明せつめい

When you want to express gratitude to someone for a specific action, you can use the te-form + くれてありがとう.

手伝てつだってくれてありがとう。

Thank you for helping me out.

You can use this pattern to say "Thank you for being such-and-such a person," by using でいる instead of です.

いい友達ともだちでいてくれてありがとう。

Thank you for being a good friend.

If you are thanking someone who needs to be talked to with the honorific language, such as when you and the person are not close or when the person ranks higher than you in any of the social hierarchies, you should say, "te-form + くださってありがとうございました."

推薦状すいせんじょうを書かいてくださってありがとうございました。

Thank you for writing a letter of recommendation for me.

To show appreciation for an ongoing act of kindness, use the present tense ありがとうございます.

いつも親切しんせつに教おしえてくださってありがとうございます。

Thank you for your kind instructions.

　verb te-form　

　+　

　くれてありがとう (casual)　
　くださってありがとうございます (polite, ongoing act of kindness)　
　くださってありがとうございました (polite, not-ongoing)　

　=　

　Thank you for doing...　

補足ほそく

Bunpro

～てくれてありがとう

英訳えいやく

Thank you for...

文型ぶんけい

～てくれてありがとう

練習れんしゅう

4. ～てよかったです Genki II: p.167

本文ほんぶん	ゆっくり話はなしができてよかったよ。【Dialogue III: //.3】 It was nice to have a good talk with you.
説明せつめい	Te-form + よかった means "I'm glad that such and such is/was the case." If you want to mention something in the negative in the part before よかった, you can use the negative te-form なくて. 　～てよかったです　　　=　I am glad that I did.../...was the case　　～なくてよかったです　=　I am glad that I didn't.../...was not the case
補足ほそく	Bunpro ～てよかった
英訳えいやく	I'm glad that...
文型ぶんけい	～てよかった(です)
例文れいぶん	日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうしてよかったです。 I'm glad that I have studied Japanese. メアリーさんが元気げんきになってよかったです。 I'm glad that Mary got better. 約束やくそくの時間じかんに遅おくれなくてよかったです。 I'm glad that I was not late for the appointment.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～てよかったです Workbook: ～てよかったです

5. ～はずです Genki II: p.168

本文ほんぶん

この時間じかんならまだ起おきているはずだよ。【Dialogue III: //.5】
She should still be awake at this hour.

説明せつめい

You can say something is "supposed to be the case," by adding はずです to a sentence ending in the short form.

今日きょうは日曜日にちようびだから、銀行ぎんこうは閉しまっているはずです。

The bank should be closed, because today is a Sunday.

レポートの締しめ切きりはあしたじゃないはずです。

I believe that the paper is not due tomorrow.

You see in the example above that predicates in the negative can come before はずです. You may also hear another type of negative, はずがありません and はずがない, which means that something is inconceivable.

彼かれがうそをつくはずがありません。

I cannot imagine that he would tell a lie.

A はずです sentence is a statement about what you believe is true or likely, though you lack conclusive evidence. It is used when situations surrounding the case and/or our common sense point naturally to such a belief. (e.g. "School should resume on Monday." However, that might not necessarily be the case in the event of a holiday that has slipped one's mind.) はずです cannot be used in a situation in which you are "supposed" to do something because of duty, responsibility, or law.

You can turn はずです into the past tense to describe something that was supposed to have been the case but actually turned out otherwise. The part that precedes はずでした is in the present tense.

先週せんしゅう電話でんわをもらうはずでしたが、電話でんわがありませんでした。

I was supposed to receive a phone call last week, but I didn't.

You can use はずです with adjectives, nouns, and verbs.

short form + はずです =	It is supposed to be the case...
verbs:	来くるはずです
い-adjectives:	おもしろいはずです
な-adjectives:	元気げんきなはずです
nouns:	日本人にほんじんのはずです

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

はず

Tobira: Gateway to Advanced Japanese

～はず

Bunpro

はずだ

Wiktionary

はず

英訳えいやく

should; I expect that...; I believe that...; it is supposed to be the case

文型ぶんけい

a. {short/A}+はず{です／だ}
b. ANa+な+はず{です／だ}
c. N+の+はず{です／だ}

練習れんしゅう

表現ひょうげんノート1. お～, ご～, and Honorific Forms of Nouns Genki II: p.169

本文ほんぶん	じゃあ、お疲つかれになったでしょう。【Dialogue I: //.4】 You must be tired then.
説明せつめい	Some nouns and adjectives are made into honorific forms by adding the prefixes お or ご. お is usually used with words that originated in Japanese and ご with words borrowed from Chinese. お～：　お名前なまえ　お仕事しごと　お好すき　お元気げんき　おたばこ　お忙いそしいご～：　ご両親りょうしん　ご兄弟きょうだい　ご病気びょうき　ご主人しゅじん　ご親切しんせつ Some other words are replaced by special vocabulary items. 家いえ　　　お宅たく子供こども　　お子こさんだれ　　どなた／どちら様さまどこ　　どちらどうですか　　いかがですか These words and expressions cannot be used when you refer to yourself, your family, or the group you belong to. A ご両親りょうしんはお元気げんきですか。 B はい。おかげさまで元気げんきです。　　　　　（×お元気げんきです） A How are your parents? B Thanks to you, they are fine.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar お Wiktionary 御お／ご
英訳えいやく	[prefix that expresses politeness]
文型ぶんけい	a. お+{V/A/ANa/N} b. ご+{V/A/ANa/N}

表現ひょうげんノート2. たら in Polite Speech Genki II: p.169

本文ほんぶん	こちらへどうぞ。お決きまりになりましたらお呼よびください。【Dialogue II: //.4】 This way, please. When you decide, please call me.
説明せつめい	In Lesson 17 we learned that the conditional たら is based on the past tense short forms. In honorific speech, たら also follows the long form in the past tense. お決きまりになりましたら、お呼よびください。 cf. 決きまったら呼よんでください。 Please let us know when you are ready to order.
英訳えいやく	if; when
文型ぶんけい	V-stemましたら～

表現ひょうげんノート3. それで/そして/それから Genki II: p.169

説明せつめい

These "and" words are used in different situations and vary slightly in their meanings. The one thing they all share in common, however, is adding more information to what has previously been said.

それで　"and therefore" (to introduce the consequence of what comes before it.)

電車でんしゃが来きませんでした。それで、遅刻ちこくしました。

The train didn't come. Therefore, I was late for class.
そして　"and in addition" (to say something notable)

ソラさんは韓国語かんこくごと英語えいごが話はなせます。そして、日本語にほんごも話はなせます。

Sora can speak Korean and English. And believe it or not, Japanese, too.
それから　"and then" (to add an item that comes later in time or in the order of importance)

京都きょうとと奈良ならに行いきました。それから、大阪おおさかにも行いきました。

I went to Kyoto and Nara. And then I also went to Osaka.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar

Tobira: Gateway to Advanced Japanese

それで

Bunpro

それで

Wiktionary

英訳えいやく

それで = and therefore
そして = and in addition
それから = and then

1. Extra-modest Expressions Genki II: p.184-185

本文ほんぶん

少々しょうしょう、お待まちください。今いま、係かかりの者ものを呼よんで参まいります。【Dialogue I: //.3】
Please wait a moment. I will call over the person in charge.
お待またせいたしました。田中たなかと申もうします。【Dialogue I: //.4】
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting. My name is Tanaka.

説明せつめい

In the last lesson, we learned the special expressions to be used when we want to show respect to another person. Here we will learn to talk modestly of our own actions. We use the verbs below when we want to sound modest and respectful in our speech, to show an extra amount of deference to the listener. These verbs are almost always used in long forms, because the purpose of using them is to be polite to the person you are talking to. Using one of these verbs is like ending a sentence with the words sir or ma'am.

Extra-modest expressions
いる	おります	(おる)
行いく　　来くる	参まいります	(参まいる)
言いう	申もうします	(申もうす)
する	いたします	(いたす)
食たべる　　飲のむ	いただきます	(いただく)
ある	ございます	(ござる)
～ている	～ております	(～ておる)
～です	～でございます	(～でござる)

You can use these verbs instead of the normal ones for very formal occasions, like for example, when you introduce yourself at a job interveiew. They are typically used with the more stilted first-person 私 (わたくし), rather than the normal 私わたし.

私わたくしは来年らいねんも日本にほんにおります。
cf. います

I will be in Japan next year, too, sir/ma'am.

私わたくしは今年ことしの六月ろくがつに大学だいがくを卒業そつぎょういたしました。
cf. 卒業そつぎょうしました

I graduated from college this June, sir/ma'am.

私わたくしは一年間いちねんかん日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうしております。
cf. 勉強べんきょうしています

I have been studying Japanese for a year.

私わたくしは木村きむらたけしと申もうします。
cf. 言いいます

My name is Takeshi Kimura.

You can also use these expressions to talk modestly about your own family or about the company you work for. Extra-modest expressions are frequently used by people in business when they talk to customers. Thus you hear many extra-modest sentences like the examples below in public service announcements (as in the first example), and in the speech of shop clerks (as in the second).

電車でんしゃが参まいります。
cf. 来きます

The train is pulling in.

お手洗てあらいは二階にかいでございます。
cf. です

The bathroom is on the second floor.

ございます and でございます are very stylized and you rarely hear them outside formal business-related situations.

Because the effect of the extra-modest expressions is to put the subject in a modest light, you cannot use them to describe the actions performed by the person you are talking to or by somebody who is not in your group. Therefore, it is wrong to say:

×先生せんせいはあした学校がっこうに参まいりますか。

Are you coming to school tomorrow, Professor?

補足ほそく

Bunpro

Wiktionary

練習れんしゅう

2. Humble Expressions Genki II: p.185-187

本文ほんぶん	ヘッドホンを見みせていただけますか。【Dialogue I: //.4-5】 Could I (humbly) see your headphones?
説明せつめい	When you do something out of respect for somebody, you can sometimes describe your action using a verb in the humble pattern "お + verb stem + する." (Not all verbs are used this way, so you may want to use only the ones you have actually heard used.) You can speak of "humbly" meeting, lending to, or borrowing from someone, for example. 　お + verb stem + する　=　I (humbly) do...　私わたしはきのう社長しゃちょうのご主人しゅじんにお会あいしました。 I (humbly) met the husband of the company president yesterday. 私わたしは先生せんせいに本ほんをお貸かしするつもりです。 I intend to (humbly) lend my professor a book. 私わたしは先生せんせいに辞書じしょをお借かりしました。 I borrowed a dictionary from my professor (and feel very obliged). Note that this "お+stem+する" pattern demotes the actor (I humbly do something) while the "お+stem+になる" pattern that we examined in Lesson 19 promotes the actor (Somebody graciously does something). They look similar because they share "お+stem," but semantically they are polar opposites. する　する compound verbs do not follow this pattern. Instead they simply have the prefix ご or お, such as ご紹介しょうかいする, ご案内あんないする, ご説明せつめいする, and お電話でんわする. 外国人がいこくじんに人気にんきがある店みせをご紹介しょうかいしましょう。 Let us tell you about a shop that is popular among foreigners. きのうお電話でんわした田中たなかです。 This is Tanaka. I called yesterday. もらう/あげる　もらう and あげる have special replacement verbs: 　もらう　　いただく　　あげる　　さしあげる　私わたしは先生せんせいにこの本ほんをいただきました。 I (humbly) received this book from my professor. 私わたしは先生せんせいに漢字かんじを教おしえていただきました。 I (humbly) had my professor teach me kanji. 私わたしは先生せんせいに花はなをさしあげます。 I will (humbly) give my professor flowers. We do not suggest using さしあげる with the te-form of a verb in the sense of "humbly doing something for somebody," because many people object to this type of sentence. They argue that the idea that you are doing a service for somebody is ultimately an insolet belief and that trying to talk humbly about it is a rather unconvincing facade. Such speakers prefer instead to use the "お+stem+する" pattern. Instead of: 私わたしは先生せんせいに地図ちずを見みせてさしあげました。 Use: 私わたしは先生せんせいに地図ちずをお見みせしました。 I (humbly) showed a map to my professor. うかがう　うかがう is a verb with which you can portray yourself as humble in the actions of visiting and asking questions: 私わたしは部長ぶちょうのお宅たくにうかがいました。 I (humbly) visited my department manager's house. 私わたしは先生せんせいにテストについてうかがいました。 I (humbly) asked my professor about the exam. The subject in every example above is "I," and "I" humbly perfoms the action in deference to the person underlined. You can also talk about one of "your people," such as a family member or a coworker, humbly performing an action in deference to somebody outside the group. 父ちちはお客きゃくさんにお茶ちゃをおいれしました。 My father (humbly) served the guest tea. The difference between this pattern and the extra-modest expressions that we studied earlier lies here: the extra-modest expressions show respect to the listeners you are talking to, while the humble pattern shows respect to someone that appears in the event you are describing. This of course does not preclude the possibility of you humbly performing an action for the person you are talking to. For example: (私わたしはあなたを)駅えきまでお送おくりします。 I will (humbly) walk you to the station. Sometimes we can use a humble expression to describe a situation where we do something for the person we are talking to, meaning "for you," "instead of you," and "saving you trouble." テレビをおつけしましょう。 Let me (humbly) turn on the TV (for you). Let us summarize the three types of "respect language" we have learned in this and the preceding lesson. The up arrow and the down arrow indicate the person whose profile is raised or lowered, respectively, by the use of the respect element in the sentence. Honorific expressions (L19.1) exalt the subject of the sentence. 先生せんせいがいらっしゃいました／お帰かえりになりました。 My professor has (graciously) arrived/left. Extra-modest expressions (L20.1) talk modestly of what you do. 私わたしはメアリー・ハートと申もうします。(person listening to you) My name is Mary Hart. Humble expressions (L20.2) demote the subject and raise the profile of another person. 私わたしは先生せんせいに本ほんをお返かえししました。 I (humbly) returned the book to my professor.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar お～する Bunpro お～する Wiktionary 頂いただく差さし上あげる伺うかがう
英訳えいやく	I (humbly) do...
文型ぶんけい	お+V-stem+する
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Humble Expressions 1 Practice: Humble Expressions 2 Practice: Humble Expressions 3 Workbook: Humble Expressions 1 Workbook: Humble Expressions 2 Workbook: Three Types of Respect Language

3. ～ないで Genki II: p.188

本文ほんぶん	急いそいでいたから、傘かさを持もたないで、来きちゃったんです。【Dialogue II: //.7】 I was in a hurry, so I left without bringing an umbrella.
説明せつめい	If you do something without doing something else, the action not performed can be expressed with ～ない (the short negative present) plus で. Note that the present tense form ～ない is used for both present and past actions. 　verb (short, negative) + で　=　without doing...
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar ないで Bunpro ないで Wiktionary ないで
英訳えいやく	without doing...; do not do something and...
文型ぶんけい	short-neg+で、S。
例文れいぶん	きのうの夜よるは、寝ねないで、勉強べんきょうしました。 Last night, I studied without getting any sleep. 辞書じしょを使つかわないで、新聞しんぶんを読よみます。 I read newspapers without using dictionaries.
練習れんしゅう	Practice: ～ないで Workbook: ～ないで

4. Questions within Larger Sentences Genki II: p.188-189

本文ほんぶん

すみません。にしき屋やという店みせがどこにあるか教おしえていただけませんか。【Dialogue II: //.1-2】
Excuse me. Could you please tell me where the shop called "Nishikiya" is?

説明せつめい

You can include a question as a part of a longer sentence and express ideas such as "I don't know when the test is" and "I don't remember whether Mary came to the party."

Embedded question clauses are shown in the boxes in the examples below. Embedded questions are in short forms. Note (1) that the clause ends with the question particle か when it contains a question word like だれ and なに, as in the first two examples, and (2) that it ends with かどうか when it does not contain such a question word, as in the third example. Many people, however, often use か instead of かどうか in their speech for questions of this second type as well.

山下先生やましたせんせいはきのう何なにを食たべたか覚おぼえていません。

Professor Yamashita does not remember what he ate yesterday.

メアリーさんがどこに住すんでいるか知しっていますか。

Do you know where Mary lives?

週末しゅうまつ、旅行りょこうに行いくかどうか決きめましょう。

Let's decide whether we will go on a trip this weekend.

　Question-word question か　
　Yes/no question かどうか　

　+　

　わかりません／知しっています／etc.　

The present tense short form だ which is used with a な-adjective or a noun at the end of the clause is usually dropped.

だれが一番いちばん上手じょうずだかわかりません。

I don't know who is the best.

あの人ひとが学生がくせいだかどうかわかりません。

I don't know if that person is a student.

The explanatory んです can also be embedded. When a んですか question is embedded, だ (the short form of です) is dropped, and ん is changed to の.
Direct question:

どうしてメアリーさんは来こなかったんですか。

Why didn't Mary come?

Embedded question:

どうしてメアリーさんが来こなかったのかわかりません。

I don't know why Mary didn't come.

We often use the particle か with the subject of an embedded sentence where は is expected. Thus, for the embedded question corresponding to the direct question たけしさんはだれが好すきですか, we say:

私わたしはたけしさんがだれが好すきか知しっています。

I know who Takeshi is in love with.

補足ほそく

Dictionary of Japanese Gramar

Bunpro

Wiktionary

かどうか

英訳えいやく

かどうか = whether or not; if (~ or not)

文型ぶんけい

a. QW+question+か{わかりません/知しっています/etc.}
b. Yes/no question+かどうか{わかりません/知しっています/etc.}

練習れんしゅう

5. NameというItem Genki II: p.189

本文ほんぶん	すみません。にしき屋やという店みせがどこにあるか教おしえていただけませんか。【Dialogue II: //.1-2】 Excuse me. Could you please tell me where the shop called "Nishikiya" is?
説明せつめい	When you want to talk about a person or a thing that goes by a certain name, but if you believe the person you are talking to is not familiar with it, you can use the following pattern. 　(name)という(item)　=　(item) called "(name)"　という is a combination of the quotation particle と and 言いう (to call; name), and is typically written in kana alone. In this usage of 言いう, we are not using the "say" meaning, but the "call/name" meaning instead.
補足ほそく	Dictionary of Japanese Grammar という Bunpro という
英訳えいやく	called; named
文型ぶんけい	nameというitem
例文れいぶん	ポチという犬いぬ(を飼かっていました。) (I used to have) a dog named "Pochi." 「花はな」という歌うた(を知しっていますか。) (Do you know) a song called "Hana"?
練習れんしゅう	Practice: Name という Item Workbook: Name という Item

Abbreviation	Meaning	Examples
S	Sentence	学生がくせいが来くる
N	Noun	学生がくせい; 日本にほん; バス
NP	Noun Phrase	日本語にほんごの勉強べんきょう
VN	Verbal Noun; Noun which forms a suru-verb by affixing する	勉強べんきょう; 買かい物もの; サイン
V	Verb	話はなす; 食たべる; 来くる
V-stem	Stem of verb's masu form (=masu form minus masu)	話はなし; 食たべ; 来き
V-nai	Stem of verb's nai form (=nai form minus nai)	話はなさ; 食たべ; 来こ
V-vol	Verb's volitional form	話はなそう; 食たべよう; 来こよう
A	i-adjective	大おおきい; おもしろい
A-stem	Stem of i-adjective	大おおき; おもしろ
A-nai	Stem of i-adjective's nai form (=nai form minus nai)	大おおきく; おもしろく
ANa	Stem of na-adjective	静しずか; 便利べんり
ANo	Stem of no-adjective	普通ふつう; 最高さいこう
An	Non-conjugational adjective	すぐ; ゆっくり; 大おおきく; 静しずかに
DemP	Demonstrative pronoun	これ; それ; あれ
DemA	Demonstative adjective	この; その; こんな; あんな
Conj	Conjunction	が; から; しかし
Prt	Particle	が; を; に; よ; ね
QW	Question word	何なに; だれ; いつ; どの; いくら
Da	だ and its conjugations	だ; だった; です; でした
te	te-form	話はなして; 高たかくて; 静しずかで
short	short form, also called "plain form," "informal form," etc.	話はなす; 話はなした; 高たかい; 静しずかだった
non-past	non-past form	話はなす; 高たかい; 静しずかだ
past	past form	話はなした; 高たかった; 静しずかだった
aff	affirmative form	話はなす; 高たかい; 静しずかだ
neg	negative form	話はなさない; 高たかくない; 静しずかじゃない
cond	conditional form (=ba-form)	話はなせば; 高たかければ; 静しずかなら(ば); 静かであれば

Symbol	Meaning	Examples
A/B; {A/B}	Either A or B	Vteくる/いく; N{では／じゃ}なくて
{A/B}{C/D}	AC, AD, BC or BD	N{で／から}{できる／できている}
(A)	A is optional.	N(Prt)も
A+B	A is followed by B.	Adj+N
×	The following word/phrase/sentence is ungrammatical/unacceptable	本ほんを{読よむ(の)なら/×読よんだら}、電気でんきをつけなさい。
??	The following word/phrase/sentence is quite unnatural.	トムは急きゅうに{怒おこり出だした／??怒おこり始はじめた}。

Key	Meaning
表現ひょうげんノート	Expression Notes
本文ほんぶん	Passage (from the dialogue)
説明せつめい	Explanation
補足ほそく	Supplemental information/links/etc.
英訳えいやく	English translation/equivalent
文型ぶんけい	Grammar patterns
例文れいぶん	Example sentences
練習れんしゅう	Practice exercises

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Grammar Notes Usage

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Lesson 0: Greetings (あいさつ) Genki I: p.33

表現ひょうげんノート1. おはよう/ありがとう Genki I: p.33

表現ひょうげんノート2. さようなら Genki I: p.33

表現ひょうげんノート3. すみません Genki I: p.33

表現ひょうげんノート4. いいえ Genki I: p.33

表現ひょうげんノート5. いってらっしゃい/いってきます/ただいま/おかえりなさい Genki I: p.33

Lesson 1: New Friends (新あたらしい友達ともだち) Genki I: p.41-45

1. XはYです Genki I: p.41-42

2. Question Sentences (～か) Genki I: p.42-43

3. NounのNoun Genki I: p.43

表現ひょうげんノート1. あのう Genki I: p.44

表現ひょうげんノート2. そうですか Genki I: p.44

表現ひょうげんノート3. Numbers Genki I: p.44

表現ひょうげんノート4. 先生せんせい Genki I: p.44

表現ひょうげんノート5. さん Genki I: p.45

表現ひょうげんノート6. Referring to Others Genki I: p.45

Lesson 2: Shopping (買かい物もの) Genki I: p.60-65

1. これ／それ／あれ／どれ Genki I: p.60

2. この／その／あの／どの+Noun Genki I: p.61

3. ここ／そこ／あそこ／どこ Genki I: p.62

4. だれのNoun Genki I: p.62

5. Nounも Genki I: p.62-63

6. Nounじゃないです Genki I: p.63-64

7. ～ね／～よ Genki I: p.64

表現ひょうげんノート1. (～を)ください Genki I: p.65

表現ひょうげんノート2. (～を)お願ねがいします Genki I: p.65

表現ひょうげんノート3. (～を)どうぞ Genki I: p.65

表現ひょうげんノート4. Pronunciation of Number Words Genki I: p.65

表現ひょうげんノート5. Big Numbers Genki I: p.65

Lesson 3: Making a Date (デートの約束やくそく) Genki I: p.86-93

1. Verb Conjugation (Long Form: ～ます・～ません) Genki I: p.86-88

2. Verb Types and the "Present Tense" Genki I: p.88

3. Particles (を, で, に, and へ) Genki I: p.88-89

4. Time References (に) Genki I: p.90

5. ～ませんか Genki I: p.90

6. Frequency Adverbs Genki I: p.91

7. Word Order Genki I: p.91

8. The Topic Particle は Genki I: p.91-92

表現ひょうげんノート1. 行いく/来くる Genki I: p.93

表現ひょうげんノート2. ちょっと Genki I: p.93

表現ひょうげんノート3. はい/ええ Genki I: p.93

Lesson 4: The First Date (初はじめてのデート) Genki I: p.107-113

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